Table 1.
Study Characteristics of Participants and Nonparticipants after Propensity Score Weighting
| 1–9 Month group | 10–18 Month group | 19–37 Month group | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Participant n=619 % or mean | Nonparticipant n=3586 % or mean | Participant n=608 % or mean | Nonparticipant n=2509 % or mean | Participant n=788 % or mean | Nonparticipant n=1531 % or mean |
| Age | ||||||
| ≤74 years | 20.6% | 21.0% | 21.6% | 23.6% | 23.3% | 22.1% |
| 75–84 years | 41.9% | 41.8% | 39.7% | 39.5% | 43.4% | 44.4% |
| ≥85 years | 37.5% | 37.2% | 38.7% | 36.9% | 33.3% | 33.5% |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 51.3% | 54.3% | 51.3% | 54.3% | 59.6% | 56.9% |
| Race | ||||||
| High minority | 8.4% | 8.1% | 7.4% | 7.7% | 7.2% | 7.5% |
| Medium minority | 34.4% | 38.1% | 39.5% | 38.3% | 41.0% | 39.1% |
| Low minority | 57.1% | 53.8% | 53.2% | 54.1% | 51.8% | 53.4% |
| Income | ||||||
| High | 56.1% | 57.1% | 55.4% | 57.5% | 56.8% | 54.8% |
| Upper Medium | 4.6% | 6.2% | 5.3% | 6.1% | 6.6% | 7.3% |
| Lower Medium | 15.0% | 12.3% | 11.1% | 13.0% | 11.7% | 13.3% |
| Low | 23.3% | 22.8% | 27.4% | 22.5% | 23.6% | 23.7% |
| Missing | 1.1% | 1.6% | 0.9% | 1.0% | 1.2% | 1.0% |
| State | ||||||
| California | 17.0% | 16.7% | 16.7% | 16.1% | 13.0% | 14.1% |
| Florida | 11.4% | 11.2% | 10.8% | 11.9% | 12.6% | 13.2% |
| North Carolina | 8.1% | 9.1% | 8.3% | 8.3% | 11.1% | 10.7% |
| New York | 43.4% | 42.8% | 41.6% | 43.5% | 45.2% | 42.9% |
| Ohio | 16.8% | 18.5% | 20.6% | 18.6% | 15.8% | 16.3% |
| Other | 3.3% | 1.8% | 2.1% | 1.7% | 2.4% | 2.8% |
| Metropolitan residence | 96.5% | 96.4% | 97.5% | 96.8% | 94.7% | 95.9% |
| Medigap plan type | ||||||
| Plan C, F, or J | 68.5% | 62.6% | 62.5% | 62.5% | 63.3% | 64.2% |
| Participation in other programs prior to index | ||||||
| Multiple in pre period | 8.2% | 7.7% | 8.9% | 8.6% | 9.8% | 9.4% |
| Multiple in post period | 9.1% | 1.4% | 12.5% | 3.6% | 24.1% | 5.9% |
| Disease management or level 2 case management | ||||||
| Pre period | 5.1% | 5.9% | 7.8% | 6.9% | 6.4% | 5.5% |
| Post period | 2.4% | 3.5% | 4.4% | 4.1% | 5.5% | 5.3% |
| Part D drug coveragea | 58.4% | 58.1% | 59.0% | 57.5% | 59.9% | 59.8% |
| HCC score | ||||||
| <2.8 | 18.3% | 19.2% | 18.4% | 18.8% | 30.8% | 28.8% |
| 2.8–3.74 | 15.6% | 16.0% | 14.3% | 14.2% | 17.1% | 16.7% |
| 3.75–4.269 | 23.7% | 25.5% | 25.5% | 27.7% | 23.9% | 23.9% |
| ≥ 4.27 | 42.4% | 39.3% | 41.8% | 39.3% | 28.3% | 30.6% |
| Diagnosed with dementia | ||||||
| Pre period | 13.2% | 12.1% | 9.7% | 10.0% | 8.1% | 8.7% |
| Post period | 11.5% | 7.0% | 8.7% | 11.3% | 13.0% | 14.5% |
| Diagnosed with psychosis | ||||||
| Pre period | 31.2% | 27.5% | 26.9% | 24.9% | 21.1% | 21.2% |
| Post period | 24.1% | 16.1% | 25.2% | 23.8% | 29.8% | 33.0% |
| Long-term nursing home placement | ||||||
| Pre period | 38.3% | 38.8% | 38.1% | 36.2% | 30.0% | 29.5% |
| Post period | 18.8% | 22.9% | 27.6% | 27.4% | 32.2% | 38.5% |
| Pre period ER visitsb | 24.1% | 22.3% | 23.4% | 23.1% | 23.6% | 24.0% |
| Post period ER visitsc | 25.0% | 17.0% | 22.0% | 19.6% | 21.0% | 18.1% |
| Hospital admissions | ||||||
| Pre periodb | 24.9% | 27.0% | 27.7% | 29.3% | 30.1% | 30.5% |
| Post periodc | 49.0% | 20.8% | 27.4% | 24.5% | 26.5% | 24.4% |
| Acute care hospital bedsd | ||||||
| <2.2 | 35.0% | 30.7% | 32.8% | 31.7% | 33.8% | 32.5% |
| 2.2–2.8 | 29.0% | 34.5% | 36.0% | 35.1% | 31.6% | 34.6% |
| ≥ 2.9 | 36.0% | 34.8% | 31.3% | 33.3% | 34.6% | 32.9% |
| Primary care physicianse | ||||||
| <70 | 29.7% | 27.3% | 26.7% | 28.0% | 30.7% | 29.1% |
| 70–99 | 32.7% | 36.5% | 37.1% | 37.1% | 33.7% | 35.5% |
| ≥100 | 37.7% | 36.3% | 36.2% | 34.9% | 35.6% | 35.5% |
| Index year | ||||||
| 2009 | 38.7% | 39.2% | 39.7% | 46.3% | 61.5% | 64.3% |
| 2010 | 34.2% | 30.6% | 47.8% | 41.4% | 38.5% | 35.7% |
| 2011 | 27.1% | 30.3% | 12.5% | 12.3% | n/a | n/a |
HCC, Hierarchical Condition Category; ER, emergency room.
a
Only Part D coverage provided by UnitedHealthcare.
b
In the 6 months prior to index.
c
In the first 6 months of the postintervention period.
d
Distribution is based on the number of acute care hospital beds per 1000 residents.
e
Distribution is based on the number of primary care physicians per 100,000 residents.