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. 2015 Apr 21;8:67–80. doi: 10.2147/SCCAA.S80157

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© 2015 El-Badawy and El-Badri. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License

The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

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Effect of stimulation of TLRs on function and differentiation of stem cells. TLR3 plays a role in maintaining pluripotency and enhancing the function of MSCs.99 TLR4 increases expression of BAAF on MSCs. TLR7 induces adipogenic differentiation of MSCs.98 TLR8/2 induces production of myeloid cells from HSCs.100 TLR9 induces osteogenic differentiation of MSCs.98

Abbreviations: TLR, Toll-like receptor; ESCs, embryonic stem cells; HSCs, hematopoietic stem cells; MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells.