Table 2. Mean energy and nutrition intakes estimated by diet records and BDHQ3y among 61 Japanese preschool children aged 3–4 years.
Crude and energy-adjusted by the residual methoda | Energy adjusted by the density methoda | |||||||||||
Unit | DR | BDHQ3y | P valueb | Unit | DR | BDHQ3y | P valueb | |||||
mean | SD | mean | SD | mean | SD | mean | SD | |||||
Energy | (kcal/day) | 1137.28 | 228.02 | 1018.75 | 233.14 | — | — | — | — | — | ||
Protein | (g/day) | 37.70 | 9.07 | 33.36 | 8.05 | <0.01 | (% energy) | 13.26 | 1.69 | 13.17 | 1.68 | 0.75 |
Fat | (g/day) | 36.10 | 11.00 | 33.56 | 8.57 | 0.02 | (% energy) | 28.48 | 5.84 | 29.69 | 3.64 | 0.05 |
Saturated fat | (g/day) | 12.06 | 4.58 | 11.51 | 3.27 | 0.54 | (% energy) | 9.52 | 2.80 | 10.22 | 2.06 | 0.02 |
Monounsaturated fat | (g/day) | 12.29 | 4.10 | 11.19 | 3.02 | 0.02 | (% energy) | 9.69 | 2.45 | 9.88 | 1.35 | 0.23 |
Polyunsaturated fat | (g/day) | 6.52 | 2.03 | 7.03 | 2.06 | 0.03 | (% energy) | 5.16 | 1.20 | 6.19 | 1.01 | <0.01 |
n-6 polyunsaturated fat | (g/day) | 5.44 | 1.63 | 6.05 | 1.82 | <0.01 | (% energy) | 4.31 | 0.99 | 5.31 | 0.88 | <0.01 |
n-3 polyunsaturated fat | (g/day) | 1.14 | 0.51 | 1.15 | 0.41 | 0.70 | (% energy) | 0.90 | 0.32 | 1.01 | 0.24 | 0.01 |
Marine-origin n-3 polyunsaturated fatc | (g/day) | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.29 | 0.18 | 0.44 | (% energy) | 0.26 | 0.22 | 0.26 | 0.14 | 0.85 |
Eicosapentaenoic acid | (g/day) | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.33 | (% energy) | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.96 |
Docosahexaenoic acid | (g/day) | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.26 | (% energy) | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.08 | 0.87 |
α-linolenic acid | (g/day) | 0.76 | 0.27 | 0.83 | 0.28 | 0.06 | (% energy) | 0.60 | 0.19 | 0.73 | 0.16 | <0.01 |
Cholesterol | (mg/day) | 197.03 | 98.00 | 152.42 | 54.09 | <0.01 | (mg/1000 kcal) | 174.51 | 80.52 | 150.93 | 49.21 | 0.16 |
Carbohydrate | (g/day) | 162.61 | 34.44 | 143.27 | 35.85 | <0.01 | (% energy) | 57.30 | 6.08 | 56.14 | 4.43 | 0.23 |
Total dietary fiber | (g/day) | 6.40 | 2.37 | 5.58 | 2.05 | <0.01 | (g/1000 kcal) | 5.59 | 1.70 | 5.43 | 1.40 | 0.57 |
Soluble dietary fiber | (g/day) | 1.63 | 0.64 | 1.38 | 0.55 | <0.01 | (g/1000 kcal) | 1.42 | 0.45 | 1.34 | 0.40 | 0.20 |
Insoluble dietary fiber | (g/day) | 4.47 | 1.72 | 4.14 | 1.49 | 0.07 | (g/1000 kcal) | 3.91 | 1.28 | 4.03 | 1.00 | 0.25 |
Retinol | (µg/day) | 133.15 | 64.66 | 163.35 | 57.25 | <0.01 | (µg/1000 kcal) | 117.68 | 51.49 | 162.52 | 52.50 | <0.01 |
Vitamin A (retinol equivalent)d | (µg/day) | 269.05 | 103.33 | 256.48 | 93.20 | 0.38 | (µg/1000 kcal) | 240.23 | 91.98 | 253.74 | 79.66 | 0.16 |
α-carotene | (µg/day) | 190.69 | 123.29 | 165.16 | 110.34 | 0.32 | (µg/1000 kcal) | 171.07 | 115.46 | 162.96 | 107.07 | 0.94 |
β-carotene | (µg/day) | 1125.87 | 663.91 | 920.16 | 588.75 | 0.02 | (µg/1000 kcal) | 1007.24 | 613.47 | 896.66 | 542.52 | 0.27 |
β-carotene equivalente | (µg/day) | 1384.69 | 781.67 | 1111.25 | 657.46 | 0.03 | (µg/1000 kcal) | 1233.92 | 707.67 | 1088.25 | 606.16 | 0.31 |
Cryptoxanthin | (µg/day) | 298.48 | 539.93 | 184.56 | 180.05 | 0.03 | (µg/1000 kcal) | 256.24 | 471.52 | 187.91 | 186.30 | 0.01 |
Vitamin D | (µg/day) | 4.16 | 3.45 | 4.04 | 2.36 | 0.35 | (µg/1000 kcal) | 3.58 | 2.63 | 3.99 | 1.98 | 0.03 |
α-tocopherol | (mg/day) | 3.68 | 1.10 | 3.43 | 0.99 | 0.05 | (mg/1000 kcal) | 3.26 | 0.81 | 3.37 | 0.62 | 0.23 |
Vitamin K | (µg/day) | 87.39 | 61.26 | 98.27 | 57.37 | 0.15 | (µg/1000 kcal) | 76.23 | 49.42 | 94.81 | 48.60 | <0.01 |
Thiamin | (mg/day) | 0.51 | 0.14 | 0.39 | 0.09 | <0.01 | (mg/1000 kcal) | 0.45 | 0.12 | 0.38 | 0.05 | <0.01 |
Riboflavin | (mg/day) | 0.88 | 0.41 | 0.71 | 0.18 | <0.01 | (mg/1000 kcal) | 0.79 | 0.37 | 0.70 | 0.14 | 0.14 |
Niacin | (mg/day) | 7.76 | 2.97 | 5.62 | 2.00 | <0.01 | (mg/1000 kcal) | 6.93 | 2.71 | 5.53 | 1.43 | <0.01 |
Vitamin B6 | (mg/day) | 0.60 | 0.20 | 0.52 | 0.16 | <0.01 | (mg/1000 kcal) | 0.53 | 0.15 | 0.51 | 0.12 | 0.42 |
Vitamin B12 | (µg/day) | 4.01 | 2.42 | 3.01 | 1.51 | <0.01 | (µg/1000 kcal) | 3.58 | 2.05 | 2.97 | 1.22 | 0.12 |
Folate | (µg/day) | 145.86 | 55.09 | 121.37 | 40.69 | <0.01 | (µg/1000 kcal) | 128.47 | 44.20 | 119.85 | 32.30 | 0.22 |
Pantothenic acid | (mg/day) | 3.69 | 0.89 | 3.41 | 0.83 | <0.01 | (mg/1000 kcal) | 3.26 | 0.53 | 3.37 | 0.51 | 0.11 |
Vitamin C | (mg/day) | 72.60 | 74.81 | 45.52 | 21.67 | <0.01 | (mg/1000 kcal) | 65.43 | 70.02 | 45.36 | 20.51 | 0.06 |
Sodium | (mg/day) | 1764.39 | 562.89 | 2250.72 | 602.89 | <0.01 | (mg/1000 kcal) | 1558.08 | 436.82 | 2223.03 | 402.36 | <0.01 |
Potassium | (mg/day) | 1339.75 | 347.79 | 1218.71 | 334.20 | <0.01 | (mg/1000 kcal) | 1183.59 | 229.21 | 1202.62 | 227.79 | 0.57 |
Calcium | (mg/day) | 398.61 | 147.20 | 399.79 | 121.15 | 0.68 | (mg/1000 kcal) | 355.74 | 124.78 | 396.60 | 103.20 | <0.01 |
Magnesium | (mg/day) | 129.38 | 35.94 | 125.61 | 33.41 | 0.21 | (mg/1000 kcal) | 113.71 | 21.03 | 123.29 | 17.96 | <0.01 |
Phosphorus | (mg/day) | 626.45 | 149.04 | 575.35 | 132.06 | <0.01 | (mg/1000 kcal) | 553.48 | 88.76 | 569.32 | 80.33 | 0.16 |
Iron | (mg/day) | 3.72 | 1.14 | 3.37 | 1.08 | 0.01 | (mg/1000 kcal) | 3.32 | 1.08 | 3.30 | 0.70 | 0.82 |
Zinc | (mg/day) | 4.48 | 1.07 | 4.19 | 0.94 | <0.01 | (mg/1000 kcal) | 3.96 | 0.63 | 4.14 | 0.37 | 0.02 |
Copper | (mg/day) | 0.61 | 0.17 | 0.60 | 0.18 | 0.72 | (mg/1000 kcal) | 0.54 | 0.11 | 0.59 | 0.09 | <0.01 |
Manganese | (mg/day) | 1.34 | 0.42 | 1.49 | 0.47 | 0.01 | (mg/1000 kcal) | 1.18 | 0.31 | 1.46 | 0.35 | <0.01 |
BDHQ3y, brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire for preschool children; DR, diet record; SD, standard deviation.
The average values of DRs in three days and the values of the BDHQ3y implemented at the beginning of the study were compared in the table.
The means were shown as crude values or energy-adjusted values. Before statistical analysis, all variables were log-transformed.
aEnergy adjustment was performed by the residual method and density method. Crude mean values and mean values obtained by residual method were the same.
bTwo energy-adjusted mean values estimated using DR and BDHQ3y were compared by paired t tests. P values less than 0.05 indicate that the means estimated by DRs and BDHQ3y are significantly different.
cSum of eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid.
dSum of retinol, β-carotene/12, α-carotene/24, and cryptoxanthin/24.
eSum of β-carotene, α-carotene/2, and cryptoxanthin/2.