Table 3. Incidence rates and hazard ratios of type 2 diabetes mellitus according to breakfast consumption stratified by sex, body mass index, fasting blood glucose, and smoking status at baseline, Aichi, 2002–2011.

	Breakfast eatersa	Breakfast skippersb	Breakfast eatersa	Breakfast skippersb
Sex	Men		Women
n of cases/N	197/3273	34/327	42/915	12/116
Crude incidence ratec	7.8	13.8	6.4	14.4
Model 3d HR (95% CI)	1 (reference)	1.54 (1.05–2.28)	1 (reference)	2.29 (1.05–5.02)
Smoking status	Current smoker		Never or former smoker
n of cases/N	85/1118	22/199	154/3070	24/244
Crude incidence rate	10.2	14.9	6.6	13.1
Model 3d HR (95% CI)	1 (reference)	1.41 (0.85–2.33)	1 (reference)	2.17 (1.36–3.46)
Body mass index	<25 kg/m2		≥25 kg/m2
n of cases/N	148/3298	28/332	91/890	18/111
Crude incidence rate	5.9	11.0	13.6	23.6
Model 3d HR (95% CI)	1 (reference)	1.67 (1.08–2.58)	1 (reference)	1.98 (1.13–3.47)
Fasting blood glucose	<110 mg/dL		≥110 mg/dL
n of cases/N	177/3943	36/414	62/245	10/29
Crude incidence rate	5.9	11.5	41.4	55.1
Model 3d HR (95% CI)	1 (reference)	1.80 (1.23–2.64)	1 (reference)	1.62 (0.75–3.52)

CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; n, number; N, number of participants.

^aBreakfast eater was defined as those having breakfast eating frequency of ‘every day or almost every day with occasional skips’.

^bBreakfast skipper was defined as those having breakfast eating frequency of ‘3–5 days/week, 1–2 days/week, or none’.

^cCrude incidence rate (per 1000 person-years).

^dModel 3 was adjusted for age, sex (if appropriate), total energy intake, smoking status (if appropriate), alcohol consumption, leisure-time physical activity, work-time physical activity, family history of diabetes mellitus, eating speed, perceived stress, sleep duration, work schedule, satiation eater, fruits and vegetables intake, fish intake, and intake frequencies of whole-grain cereals, coffee, sugar-sweetened beverages, and snacks, as well as body mass index (continuous) and fasting blood glucose (Log-transformed).