Table 5. Multivariate-adjusted odds of elevated serum GGT according to quartiles of seafood or bread pattern score in nondrinking or drinking men.
| Nondrinkersa | Drinkersa | Nondrinkers | Drinkers | ||||||
| Total n |
Elevated GGTb n (%) |
Total n |
Elevated GGT n (%) |
ORc | 95% CI | ORc | 95% CI | ||
| Seafood | Q1 | 261 | 28 (10.7) | 668 | 167 (25.0) | 1.00 | (reference) | 1.00 | (reference) |
| Q2 | 197 | 27 (13.7) | 734 | 201 (27.4) | 1.21 | (0.66–2.19) | 1.09 | (0.86–1.40) | |
| Q3 | 155 | 17 (11.0) | 773 | 266 (34.4) | 0.96 | (0.49–1.88) | 1.63 | (1.29–2.06) | |
| Q4 | 136 | 12 (8.8) | 795 | 293 (36.9) | 0.79 | (0.38–1.64) | 1.71 | (1.36–2.16) | |
| Ptrendd | 0.50 | <0.01 | |||||||
| Pinteractione | 0.03 | ||||||||
| Bread | Q1 | 169 | 16 (9.5) | 762 | 273 (35.8) | 1.00 | (reference) | 1.00 | (reference) |
| Q2 | 164 | 23 (14.0) | 765 | 271 (35.4) | 1.15 | (0.71–3.07) | 0.98 | (0.78–1.21) | |
| Q3 | 197 | 16 (8.1) | 733 | 224 (30.6) | 0.86 | (0.40–1.86) | 0.76 | (0.61–0.95) | |
| Q4 | 219 | 29 (13.2) | 710 | 159 (22.4) | 1.40 | (0.70–2.79) | 0.50 | (0.40–0.64) | |
| Ptrend | 0.55 | <0.01 | |||||||
| Pinteraction | <0.01 | ||||||||
CI, confidence interval; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; OR, odds ratio; Q, quartile.
aNondrinkers include never and former alcohol drinkers, and drinkers denote current alcohol drinkers.
bElevated GGT represents >51 U/L.
cAdjusted for age (years), body mass index (kg/m2), alcohol consumption (never or former drinking for nondrinkers; consumption of <23, 23.0–45.9, or ≥46 g ethanol/d for drinkers), smoking (never, former, or current smoker consuming 1–19, 20–39, or ≥40 cigarettes/d), and physical activity level (continuous).
dBased on multiple logistic regression analysis assigning ordinal numbers 0–3 to quartile categories of each dietary pattern.
eInteraction between each dietary pattern score (ordinal variable) and drinking status (2 categories) on elevated serum GGT.