Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Vocat Behav. 2015 Apr 1;87:54–70. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2014.12.003

Table 1.

Effect sizes for race/ethnicity × sex representation in 35 occupations in 1970 and 2010.

Occupation Race/ethnicity
& sex		 1970
 2010
Total Percent of
occupation		 Percent of
labor force		 Total Percent of
occupation		 Percent of
labor force
Accountants White male 499,000 70.83 54.89 641,246 30.81 38.08
White female 168,500 23.92 31.43 906,435 43.55 35.08
Black male 8300 1.18 5.28 56,069 2.69 3.80
Black female 6900 0.98 4.19 126,766 6.09 4.92
Native Am male 200 0.03 0.15 2557 0.12 0.30
Native Am female 300 0.04 0.09 6142 0.30 0.33
Hispanic male 9200 1.31 2.08 41,576 2.00 6.89
Hispanic female 3000 0.43 1.07 71,065 3.41 5.51
Asian male 7000 0.99 0.49 76,477 3.67 2.60
Asian female 2100 0.30 0.33 152,900 7.35 2.49
Effect size 0.37 43.00
Computer scientists White male 73,200 81.24 54.89 1,022,592 51.80 38.08
White female 11,100 12.32 31.43 402,126 20.37 35.08
Black male 1700 1.89 5.28 121,581 6.16 3.80
Black female 1000 1.11 4.19 71,399 3.62 4.92
Native Am male 0 0.00 0.15 4055 0.21 0.30
Native Am female 0 0.00 0.09 2372 0.12 0.33
Hispanic male 1500 1.66 2.08 78,770 3.99 6.89
Hispanic female 400 0.44 1.07 25,563 1.30 5.51
Asian male 900 1.00 0.49 178,977 9.07 2.60
Asian female 300 0.33 0.33 66,519 3.37 2.49
Effect size 0.55 0.58
Construction trades White male 2,707,300 87.25 54.89 3,888,529 71.02 38.08
White female 50,700 1.63 31.43 112,411 2.05 35.08
Black male 211,000 6.80 5.28 339,159 6.19 3.80
Black female 5500 0.18 4.19 16,110 0.29 4.92
Native Am male 10,500 0.34 0.15 41,691 0.76 0.30
Native Am female 100 0.00 0.09 2159 0.04 0.33
Hispanic male 99,400 3.20 2.08 970,976 17.73 6.89
Hispanic female 2400 0.08 1.07 19,128 0.35 5.51
Asian male 15,500 0.50 0.49 81,056 1.48 2.60
Asian female 600 0.02 0.33 3958 0.07 2.49
Effect size 0.73 0.95
Dentists White male 81,400 92.08 54.89 96,813 60.72 38.08
White female 2500 2.83 31.43 25,583 16.04 35.08
Black male 2200 2.49 5.28 3945 2.47 3.80
Black female 300 0.34 4.19 1919 1.20 4.92
Native Am male 100 0.11 0.15 57 0.04 0.30
Native Am female 0 0.00 0.09 0 0.00 0.33
Hispanic male 800 0.90 2.08 5108 3.20 6.89
Hispanic female 100 0.11 1.07 2886 1.81 5.51
Asian male 1000 1.13 0.49 13,854 8.69 2.60
Asian female 0 0.00 0.33 9283 5.82 2.49
Effect size 0.77 0.71
Dietitians & nutritionists White male 2300 5.65 54.89 5405 6.29 38.08
White female 29,100 71.50 31.43 56,862 66.14 35.08
Black male 300 0.74 5.28 630 0.73 3.80
Black female 7100 17.44 4.19 10,287 11.96 4.92
Native Am male 0 0.00 0.15 75 0.09 0.30
Native Am female 0 0.00 0.09 553 0.64 0.33
Hispanic male 0 0.00 2.08 464 0.54 6.89
Hispanic female 800 1.97 1.07 5987 6.96 5.51
Asian male 200 0.49 0.49 203 0.24 2.60
Asian female 900 2.21 0.33 5510 6.41 2.49
Effect size 1.24 0.90
Economists White male 54,500 84.23 54.89 97,199 37.42 38.08
White female 6100 9.43 31.43 112,703 43.38 35.08
Black male 1300 2.01 5.28 6518 2.51 3.80
Black female 100 0.15 4.19 7459 2.87 4.92
Native Am male 200 0.31 0.15 303 0.12 0.30
Native Am female 0 0.00 0.09 51 0.02 0.33
Hispanic male 1400 2.16 2.08 6753 2.60 6.89
Hispanic female 200 0.31 1.07 6983 2.69 5.51
Asian male 800 1.24 0.49 11,597 4.46 2.60
Asian female 100 0.15 0.33 10,220 3.93 2.49
Effect size 0.62 0.32
Engineers White male 1,118,400 94.16 54.89 1,178,237 68.35 38.08
White female 17,600 1.48 31.43 141,456 8.21 35.08
Black male 16,100 1.36 5.28 58,386 3.39 3.80
Black female 700 0.06 4.19 15,739 0.91 4.92
Native Am male 900 0.08 0.15 6787 0.39 0.30
Native Am female 100 0.01 0.09 453 0.03 0.33
Hispanic male 15,700 1.32 2.08 68,287 3.96 6.89
Hispanic female 400 0.03 1.07 10,723 0.62 5.51
Asian male 17,500 1.47 0.49 199,845 11.59 2.60
Asian female 400 0.03 0.33 43,971 2.55 2.49
Effect size 0.82 0.92
Extractive occupations White male 153,400 87.71 54.89 145,534 77.33 38.08
White female 3900 2.23 31.43 1976 1.05 35.08
Black male 8900 5.09 5.28 8947 4.75 3.80
Black female 700 0.40 4.19 51 0.03 4.92
Native Am male 800 0.46 0.15 2240 1.19 0.30
Native Am female 0 0.00 0.09 112 0.06 0.33
Hispanic male 6800 3.89 2.08 28,047 14.90 6.89
Hispanic female 100 0.06 1.07 751 0.40 5.51
Asian male 200 0.11 0.49 467 0.25 2.60
Asian female 100 0.06 0.33 70 0.04 2.49
Effect size 0.74 1.00
Farming, forestry, fishing White male 2,304,800 75.20 54.89 1,761,802 53.70 38.08
White female 215,500 7.03 31.43 381,627 11.63 35.08
Black male 280,300 9.15 5.28 183,511 5.59 3.80
Black female 56,900 1.86 4.19 25,680 0.78 4.92
Native Am male 15,300 0.50 0.15 19,578 0.60 0.30
Native Am female 2000 0.07 0.09 5038 0.15 0.33
Hispanic male 131,900 4.30 2.08 724,116 22.07 6.89
Hispanic female 24,900 0.81 1.07 126,418 3.85 5.51
Asian male 27,900 0.91 0.49 38,693 1.18 2.60
Asian female 5300 0.17 0.33 14,436 0.44 2.49
Effect size 0.59 0.79
Fire fighters, prevention White male 165,300 93.44 54.89 274,582 79.64 38.08
    workers, inspection White female 1900 1.07 31.43 14,182 4.11 35.08
Black male 5100 2.88 5.28 25,921 7.52 3.80
Black female 0 0.00 4.19 1414 0.41 4.92
Native Am male 500 0.28 0.15 3620 1.05 0.30
Native Am female 0 0.00 0.09 118 0.03 0.33
Hispanic male 3200 1.81 2.08 20,491 5.94 6.89
Hispanic female 0 0.00 1.07 740 0.21 5.51
Asian male 900 0.51 0.49 3584 1.04 2.60
Asian female 0 0.00 0.33 131 0.04 2.49
Effect size 0.80 0.95
Food preparation and White male 464,100 20.54 54.89 1,414,339 25.32 38.08
    serving related White female 1,400,400 61.97 31.43 2,143,409 38.38 35.08
    occupations Black male 76,500 3.39 5.28 343,524 6.15 3.80
Black female 187,700 8.31 4.19 370,675 6.64 4.92
Native Am male 900 0.04 0.15 12,959 0.23 0.30
Native Am female 5600 0.25 0.09 25,691 0.46 0.33
Hispanic male 43,300 1.92 2.08 493,491 8.84 6.89
Hispanic female 37,100 1.64 1.07 412,679 7.39 5.51
Asian male 27,600 1.22 0.49 216,964 3.88 2.60
Asian female 16,500 0.73 0.33 151,609 2.71 2.49
Effect size 0.76 0.29
Handlers, equipment White male 2,605,200 68.70 54.89 2,632,072 51.75 38.08
    cleaners, helpers, White female 271,000 7.15 31.43 437,754 8.61 35.08
    laborers Black male 640,200 16.88 5.28 644,815 12.68 3.80
Black female 56,000 1.48 4.19 132,316 2.60 4.92
Native Am male 17,200 0.45 0.15 37,649 0.74 0.30
Native Am female 1400 0.04 0.09 7301 0.14 0.33
Hispanic male 164,700 4.34 2.08 872,880 17.16 6.89
Hispanic female 13,000 0.34 1.07 169,500 3.33 5.51
Asian male 21,400 0.56 0.49 114,588 2.25 2.60
Asian female 2300 0.06 0.33 36,980 0.73 2.49
Effect size 0.73 0.81
Health technicians White male 65,700 24.79 54.89 289,771 22.57 38.08
White female 162,100 61.17 31.43 669,630 52.17 35.08
Black male 7400 2.79 5.28 43,052 3.35 3.80
Health technicians Black female 16,300 6.15 4.19 90,942 7.08 4.92
Native Am male 500 0.19 0.15 2591 0.20 0.30
Native Am female 200 0.08 0.09 7024 0.55 0.33
Hispanic male 3700 1.40 2.08 36,755 2.86 6.89
Hispanic female 4000 1.51 1.07 54,351 4.23 5.51
Asian male 1400 0.53 0.49 33,991 2.65 2.60
Asian female 3700 1.40 0.33 55,501 4.32 2.49
Effect size 0.71 0.45
Lawyers & judges White male 258,500 92.19 54.89 625,645 59.76 38.08
White female 13,500 4.81 31.43 285,759 27.29 35.08
Black male 3400 1.21 5.28 19,789 1.89 3.80
Black female 400 0.14 4.19 30,333 2.90 4.92
Native Am male 200 0.07 0.15 1176 0.11 0.30
Native Am female 0 0.00 0.09 1436 0.14 0.33
Hispanic male 2600 0.93 2.08 23,356 2.23 6.89
Hispanic female 200 0.07 1.07 17,620 1.68 5.51
Asian male 1400 0.50 0.49 20,354 1.94 2.60
Asian female 200 0.07 0.33 21,495 2.05 2.49
Effect size 0.75 0.83
*Legal assistants, White male 20,420 26.15 48.25 90,624 14.94 38.08
    paralegals, legal support White female 48,900 62.61 34.34 377,261 62.21 35.08
    workers* = starting Black male 1720 2.20 4.87 13,119 2.16 3.80
    decade is 1980 Black female 2880 3.69 4.68 45,812 7.55 4.92
Native Am male 40 0.05 0.28 910 0.15 0.30
Native Am female 120 0.15 0.21 2103 0.35 0.33
Hispanic male 1420 1.82 3.39 10,325 1.70 6.89
Hispanic female 1620 2.07 2.20 42,325 6.98 5.51
Asian male 400 0.51 0.91 8321 1.37 2.60
Asian female 580 0.74 0.76 15,633 2.58 2.49
Effect size 0.60 0.65
Licensed practical nurses White male 6600 2.70 54.89 23,363 3.61 38.08
White female 175,800 71.99 31.43 404,969 62.64 35.08
Black male 1900 0.78 5.28 12,741 1.97 3.80
Black female 51,000 20.88 4.19 141,859 21.94 4.92
Native Am male 0 0.00 0.15 295 0.05 0.30
Native Am female 900 0.37 0.09 3038 0.47 0.33
Hispanic male 500 0.20 2.08 4947 0.77 6.89
Hispanic female 6000 2.46 1.07 32,558 5.04 5.51
Asian male 0 0.00 0.49 4837 0.75 2.60
Asian female 1500 0.61 0.33 17,938 2.77 2.49
Effect size 1.33 1.09
Machine operators, White male 5,241,700 49.06 54.89 2,722,529 45.60 38.08
    fabricators, inspectors White female 3,397,300 31.80 31.43 1,037,269 17.37 35.08
Black male 798,200 7.47 5.28 518,396 8.68 3.80
Black female 580,400 5.43 4.19 346,804 5.81 4.92
Native Am male 18,500 0.17 0.15 24,380 0.41 0.30
Native Am female 13,900 0.13 0.09 10,608 0.18 0.33
Hispanic male 311,400 2.91 2.08 599,193 10.03 6.89
Hispanic female 255,700 2.39 1.07 317,241 5.31 5.51
Asian male 27,800 0.26 0.49 208,933 3.50 2.60
Asian female 38,500 0.36 0.33 185,691 3.11 2.49
Effect size 0.20 0.43
Mechanics & repairers White male 3,206,300 86.61 54.89 3,339,797 73.87 38.08
White female 91,600 2.47 31.43 131,054 2.90 35.08
Black male 247,000 6.67 5.28 349,239 7.72 3.80
Black female 10,300 0.28 4.19 31,281 0.69 4.92
Native Am male 8800 0.24 0.15 26,742 0.59 0.30
Native Am female 200 0.01 0.09 1924 0.04 0.33
Hispanic male 111,000 3.00 2.08 484,363 10.71 6.89
Hispanic female 3200 0.09 1.07 19,941 0.44 5.51
Asian male 22,900 0.62 0.49 128,899 2.85 2.60
Asian female 800 0.02 0.33 8169 0.18 2.49
Effect size 0.71 0.90
Optometrists White male 15,600 91.76 54.89 16,265 49.34 38.08
White female 300 1.76 31.43 9425 28.59 35.08
Black male 100 0.59 5.28 84 0.25 3.80
Black female 100 0.59 4.19 948 2.88 4.92
Native Am male 0 0.00 0.15 367 1.11 0.30
Native Am female 0 0.00 0.09 98 0.30 0.33
Hispanic male 600 3.53 2.08 349 1.06 6.89
Hispanic female 0 0.00 1.07 1002 3.04 5.51
Asian male 200 1.18 0.49 1676 5.08 2.60
Asian female 100 0.59 0.33 2748 8.34 2.49
Effect size 0.80 0.57
Pharmacists White male 90,200 82.07 54.89 95,520 37.45 38.08
White female 12,500 11.37 31.43 92,065 36.10 35.08
Black male 1900 1.73 5.28 5159 2.02 3.80
Black female 700 0.64 4.19 9026 3.54 4.92
Native Am male 0 0.00 0.15 288 0.11 0.30
Native Am female 0 0.00 0.09 111 0.04 0.33
Hispanic male 2400 2.18 2.08 3052 1.20 6.89
Hispanic female 300 0.27 1.07 5674 2.22 5.51
Asian male 1400 1.27 0.49 15,200 5.96 2.60
Asian female 500 0.45 0.33 28,933 11.35 2.49
Effect size 0.56 0.66
*Physical White male 10,220 23.77 48.25 58,823 22.63 38.08
    therapists* = starting White female 27,820 64.70 34.34 150,505 57.90 35.08
    decade is 1980 Black male 840 1.95 4.87 4213 1.62 3.80
Black female 2300 5.35 4.68 8529 3.28 4.92
Native Am male 20 0.05 0.28 72 0.03 0.30
Native Am female 80 0.19 0.21 591 0.23 0.33
Hispanic male 280 0.65 3.39 4109 1.58 6.89
Hispanic female 620 1.44 2.20 8732 3.36 5.51
Asian male 180 0.42 0.91 10,779 4.15 2.60
Asian female 640 1.49 0.76 13,606 5.23 2.49
Effect size 0.67 0.57
Physicians White male 235,100 81.58 54.89 403,488 48.47 38.08
White female 20,700 7.18 31.43 183,685 22.07 35.08
Black male 5800 2.01 5.28 22,939 2.76 3.80
Black female 1000 0.35 4.19 18,843 2.26 4.92
Native Am male 100 0.03 0.15 1527 0.18 0.30
Native Am female 0 0.00 0.09 440 0.05 0.33
Hispanic male 10,800 3.75 2.08 24,726 2.97 6.89
Hispanic female 1100 0.38 1.07 15,155 1.82 5.51
Asian male 9900 3.44 0.49 96,839 11.63 2.60
Asian female 3700 1.28 0.33 64,739 7.78 2.49
Effect size 0.77 0.75
Police, detectives, & private White male 335,800 87.84 54.89 607,197 63.68 38.08
    investigators White female 13,300 3.48 31.43 106,179 11.14 35.08
Black male 22,800 5.96 5.28 76,684 8.04 3.80
Black female 1400 0.37 4.19 39,236 4.11 4.92
Native Am male 1300 0.34 0.15 4703 0.49 0.30
Native Am female 0 0.00 0.09 1562 0.16 0.33
Hispanic male 6000 1.57 2.08 77,514 8.13 6.89
Hispanic female 200 0.05 1.07 20,759 2.18 5.51
Asian male 1400 0.37 0.49 16,969 1.78 2.60
Asian female 100 0.03 0.33 2693 0.28 2.49
Effect size 0.71 0.66
Precision production White male 2,833,600 80.61 54.89 1,495,085 49.61 38.08
    workers White female 361,600 10.29 31.43 680,894 22.60 35.08
Black male 143,000 4.07 5.28 186,270 6.18 3.80
Black female 36,400 1.04 4.19 127,300 4.22 4.92
Native Am male 5000 0.14 0.15 9768 0.32 0.30
Native Am female 1200 0.03 0.09 7045 0.23 0.33
Hispanic male 94,800 2.70 2.08 241,656 8.02 6.89
Hispanic female 20,500 0.58 1.07 111,903 3.71 5.51
Asian male 15,500 0.44 0.49 93,717 3.11 2.60
Asian female 3700 0.11 0.33 59,766 1.98 2.49
Effect size 0.54 0.32
Private household workers White male 132,300 15.85 54.89 61,669 4.50 38.08
White female 365,400 43.79 31.43 502,559 36.67 35.08
Black male 67,700 8.11 5.28 47,096 3.44 3.80
Black female 211,300 25.32 4.19 228,295 16.66 4.92
Native Am male 200 0.02 0.15 2255 0.16 0.30
Native Am female 3600 0.43 0.09 14,076 1.03 0.33
Lawyers & judges Hispanic male 14,800 1.77 2.08 44,065 3.21 6.89
Hispanic female 29,500 3.54 1.07 404,725 29.53 5.51
Asian male 1400 0.17 0.49 15,525 1.13 2.60
Asian female 8300 0.99 0.33 50,361 3.67 2.49
Effect size 1.22 1.29
Registered nurses White male 19,200 2.22 54.89 179,042 6.43 38.08
White female 756,000 87.50 31.43 1,970,390 70.76 35.08
Black male 3000 0.35 5.28 23,132 0.83 3.80
Black female 60,300 6.98 4.19 254,820 9.15 4.92
Native Am male 100 0.01 0.15 1024 0.04 0.30
Native Am female 1800 0.21 0.09 8366 0.30 0.33
Hispanic male 500 0.06 2.08 16,697 0.60 6.89
Hispanic female 12,700 1.47 1.07 97,179 3.49 5.51
Asian male 200 0.02 0.49 33,653 1.21 2.60
Asian female 10,200 1.18 0.33 200,352 7.19 2.49
Effect size 1.27 0.92
Retail sales clerks White male 824,500 31.78 54.89 1,318,920 36.81 38.08
White female 1,576,400 60.77 31.43 1,288,594 35.96 35.08
Black male 37,300 1.44 5.28 183,467 5.12 3.80
Black female 70,100 2.70 4.19 242,035 6.76 4.92
Native Am male 800 0.03 0.15 6494 0.18 0.30
Native Am female 2400 0.09 0.09 10,902 0.30 0.33
Hispanic male 27,700 1.07 2.08 162,436 4.53 6.89
Hispanic female 37,600 1.45 1.07 199,009 5.55 5.51
Asian male 6200 0.24 0.49 80,737 2.25 2.60
Asian female 11,200 0.43 0.33 90,387 2.52 2.49
Effect size 0.64 0.15
Sales reps, insurance, real White male 720,400 78.78 54.89 863,288 44.61 38.08
    estate, financial, White female 157,300 17.20 31.43 735,738 38.02 35.08
    advertising Black male 14,000 1.53 5.28 58,021 3.00 3.80
Black female 6300 0.69 4.19 64,026 3.31 4.92
Native Am male 500 0.05 0.15 2277 0.12 0.30
Native Am female 100 0.01 0.09 2442 0.13 0.33
Hispanic male 10,500 1.15 2.08 62,467 3.23 6.89
Hispanic female 1900 0.21 1.07 67,048 3.46 5.51
Asian male 2800 0.31 0.49 46,891 2.42 2.60
Asian female 600 0.07 0.33 33,099 1.71 2.49
Effect size 0.49 0.23
Scientists White male 233,400 79.85 54.89 319,647 45.45 38.08
White female 36,600 12.52 31.43 187,445 26.65 35.08
Black male 6700 2.29 5.28 13,573 1.93 3.80
Black female 2500 0.86 4.19 16,280 2.31 4.92
Native Am male 1100 0.38 0.15 1632 0.23 0.30
Native Am female 0 0.00 0.09 1017 0.14 0.33
Hispanic male 4900 1.68 2.08 14,677 2.09 6.89
Hispanic female 500 0.17 1.07 11,391 1.62 5.51
Asian male 4900 1.68 0.49 74,095 10.53 2.60
Asian female 1700 0.58 0.33 63,585 9.04 2.49
Effect size 0.56 0.73
Social workers White male 62,400 28.03 54.89 92,939 12.00 38.08
White female 113,100 50.81 31.43 407,298 52.61 35.08
Black male 10,900 4.90 5.28 36,024 4.65 3.80
Black female 25,500 11.46 4.19 140,068 18.09 4.92
Native Am male 200 0.09 0.15 579 0.07 0.30
Native Am female 500 0.22 0.09 6672 0.86 0.33
Hispanic male 3700 1.66 2.08 15,606 2.02 6.89
Hispanic female 3900 1.75 1.07 54,428 7.03 5.51
Asian male 1000 0.45 0.49 5550 0.72 2.60
Asian female 1400 0.63 0.33 15,046 1.94 2.49
Effect size 0.62 0.83
*Supervisors & White male 1,027,060 65.20 48.25 1,927,450 46.51 38.08
    proprietors* = starting White female 403,860 25.64 34.34 1,269,753 30.64 35.08
    decade is 1980 Black male 36,500 2.32 4.87 160,634 3.88 3.80
Black female 18,200 1.16 4.68 167,200 4.03 4.92
Native Am male 3120 0.20 0.28 10,071 0.24 0.30
Native Am female 1700 0.11 0.21 7706 0.19 0.33
Hispanic male 42,360 2.69 3.39 214,148 5.17 6.89
Hispanic female 14,540 0.92 2.20 149,743 3.61 5.51
Asian male 19,940 1.27 0.91 153,830 3.71 2.60
Asian female 7980 0.51 0.76 83,727 2.02 2.49
Effect size 0.37 0.21
Supervisors, office White male 53,300 48.68 54.89 379,298 27.08 38.08
White female 43,700 39.91 31.43 673,092 48.05 35.08
Black male 4800 4.38 5.28 56,980 4.07 3.80
Black female 4600 4.20 4.19 101,950 7.28 4.92
Native Am male 100 0.09 0.15 865 0.06 0.30
Native Am female 100 0.09 0.09 4434 0.32 0.33
Hispanic male 1200 1.10 2.08 48,718 3.48 6.89
Hispanic female 1000 0.91 1.07 80,204 5.73 5.51
Asian male 200 0.18 0.49 24,331 1.74 2.60
Asian female 500 0.46 0.33 30,871 2.20 2.49
Effect size 0.20 0.34
Teachers White male 868,500 31.53 54.89 1,378,492 24.53 38.08
White female 1,617,500 58.72 31.43 3,176,200 56.52 35.08
Black male 50,700 1.84 5.28 133,007 2.37 3.80
Black female 162,700 5.91 4.19 334,314 5.95 4.92
Native Am male 1300 0.05 0.15 7208 0.13 0.30
Native Am female 2300 0.08 0.09 15,679 0.28 0.33
Hispanic male 14,800 0.54 2.08 98,708 1.76 6.89
Hispanic female 19,300 0.70 1.07 225,094 4.01 5.51
Asian male 6200 0.23 0.49 108,238 1.93 2.60
Asian female 11,100 0.40 0.33 143,042 2.55 2.49
Effect size 0.62 0.48
Transportation & material White male 2,881,800 79.85 54.89 3,334,947 59.92 38.08
    moving White female 126,500 3.51 31.43 407,736 7.33 35.08
Black male 440,600 12.21 5.28 817,252 14.68 3.80
Black female 14,400 0.40 4.19 145,649 2.62 4.92
Native Am male 9300 0.26 0.15 32,989 0.59 0.30
Native Am female 400 0.01 0.09 6178 0.11 0.33
Hispanic male 119,000 3.30 2.08 616,588 11.08 6.89
Hispanic female 2200 0.06 1.07 55,190 0.99 5.51
Asian male 14,100 0.39 0.49 139,803 2.51 2.60
Asian female 700 0.02 0.33 9228 0.17 2.49
Effect size 0.71 0.87
Veterinarian White male 16,900 93.37 54.89 32,573 43.22 38.08
White female 900 4.97 31.43 35,930 47.68 35.08
Black male 0 0.00 5.28 547 0.73 3.80
Black female 0 0.00 4.19 1511 2.00 4.92
Native Am male 0 0.00 0.15 77 0.10 0.30
Native Am female 0 0.00 0.09 60 0.08 0.33
Hispanic male 100 0.55 2.08 1064 1.41 6.89
Hispanic female 100 0.55 1.07 1581 2.10 5.51
Asian male 100 0.55 0.49 1025 1.36 2.60
Asian female 0 0.00 0.33 996 1.32 2.49
Effect size 0.78 0.42