Enrichment of high xylose–consuming strain (H131). (a) Fluorescence distribution of droplets containing a mixture of H131 and TAL1 strains. The strains were mixed in equal proportions, encapsulated in microdroplets, and their fluorescence measured (dashed line is the 0–0.6 range and dotted line is the 0–0.7 range). (b) Enrichment of H131 yeast strain from 1:1 H131/TAL1 initial mixture. Enrichment after 2 d of growth is 2.8×. Using fluorescence-sorting thresholds of less than 0.6 and 0.7 enriches H131 strain by 18× and 23×, respectively. (c) Enrichment of H131 strain from initial 1:1,000 and 1:10,000 H131/TAL1 mixtures. One round of screening yields a 420× enrichment of the H131 strain from an initial 1:1,000 mixture of H131/TAL1; two rounds of screening enriches H131 by 42,600× from an initial 1:10,000 mixture. The lines in b and c represent the average of the data points from the biological replicate experiments (n = 2).