Fig. 1.

a Trends in NMDAR-antibody encephalitis. Demographics of published cases (series containing >3 patients) with NMDAR (N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor)-antibody encephalitis. Note the slightly decreasing median age (black line) and increasing male and falling female representation (green and red, respectively). Tumour frequencies (blue line) are falling, mainly due to the recent publications of many paediatric cases. Figure adapted from Irani et al. [31]. b The effect of immunotherapy on mortality, the percentage with a good recovery (modified rankin score 0–2) and relapse-free recovery at 24 months. Data derived from Titulaer et al. [5]. c Key features of a representative patient with faciobrachial dystonic seizures (FBDS). Note the increasing seizure frequency (red line), poor response to anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), time of onset of cognitive impairment (quantified by fall in Addenbrooke’s cognitive examination-Revised score (ACE-R, green line)) and of hyponatraemia (orange line). IT results in dramatic improvement in all features. LGI1 leucine-rich glioma-inactivated, VGKC voltage-gated potassium channel—complex antibody titres are shown in purple and black, respectively