Table 2.
Descriptive statistics of the sample
| Male | Female | |
|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | ||
| Mean age | 84.4 | 89.1 |
| Childhood conditions | ||
| Birthplace | ||
| Urban | 12.5% | 10.8% |
| Rural | 87.5% | 89.2% |
| Father’s education | ||
| At least 1 year of schooling | 19.9% | 14.9% |
| Illiterate | 80.1% | 85.1% |
| Father’s occupation in childhood | ||
| Non-manual occupation | 3.0% | 2.7% |
| Manual occupation | 97.0% | 97.3% |
| Received adequate medical care when ill in childhood | ||
| Yes | 37.5% | 31.9% |
| No | 62.5% | 68.1% |
| Adulthood socioeconomic status | ||
| Current residence | ||
| Urban | 39.6% | 37.5% |
| Rural | 60.4% | 62.5% |
| Education | ||
| At least 1 year of schooling | 63.1% | 17.5% |
| Illiterate | 36.9% | 82.5% |
| Primary occupation before age 60 | ||
| Non-manual occupation | 14.4% | 2.6% |
| Manual occupation | 85.6% | 97.4% |
| Relative income compared with peers | ||
| Rich | 15.2% | 11.9% |
| Poor | 84.8% | 88.1% |
| Current health outcomes | ||
| Instrumental activities of daily living | ||
| Independent | 27.4% | 13.5% |
| Dependent | 35.6% | 44.0% |
| Deceased | 37.0% | 42.5% |
| Mini-Mental State Examination | ||
| Normal cognition | 46.2% | 30.4% |
| Impaired cognition | 16.8% | 27.1% |
| Deceased | 37.0% | 42.5% |
| Chronic diseases | ||
| No chronic disease | 37.6% | 34.5% |
| At least 1 chronic diseases | 25.4% | 23.1% |
| Deceased | 37.0% | 42.5% |
| Self-rated health | ||
| Good | 28.8% | 22.8% |
| Poor | 34.2% | 34.7% |
| Deceased | 37.0% | 42.5% |
| Sample size | 5,247 | 7,011 |
Note: Age, childhood conditions, and adulthood socioeconomic status are measured in the 2008–2009 survey, and current health outcomes are measured in the 2011–2012 survey.