Table 2. Summary of Findings from the Genetic Literature Review.
| Injury/Trait | Number of SNPs | Effect Size * | Level of Evidence ** | Study Type | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACL Rupture | 4 | Large | Weak | Candidate Gene | [16–21] |
| Achilles Tendon Injuries | 6 | Large | Weak | Candidate Gene | [26–31] |
| Bone Mineral Density | 67 | Large | Strong | GWAS | [41–44] |
| Osteoarthritis | 7 | Small | Strong | GWAS | [45, 48–49] |
| Vitamin/Mineral Deficiencies | 39 | - | - | - | - |
| Iron Biomarkers | 8 | Small | Moderate | GWAS | [51, 52] |
| Vitamin E | 3 | Small | Moderate | GWAS | [53,54] |
| Vitamin D | 6 | Medium | Moderate | GWAS | [55, 56] |
| Calcium | 2 | Small | Strong | GWAS | [57, 58] |
| Magnesium | 4 | Small | Moderate | GWAS | [59] |
| B Vitamins | 7 | Medium | Moderate | GWAS | [60, 61] |
| Homocysteine | 8 | Small | Moderate | GWAS | [62, 63] |
| Phytosterols | 3 | Small | Moderate | GWAS | [64] |
| Sickle Cell Trait | 1 | Mendelian | Strong | Candidate Gene | [67, 68] |
*: Effect size estimates are based on odds ratios reported for published SNPs associated with each category. Odds ratios of 1.0–1.3 are small effects, 1.3–2.0 are medium effects, and greater than 2.0 are large effectsVarsity status is defined as whether or not the athlete participated on an NCAA Div 1, II, or III Varsity level team (swimming, cross-country, track-and-field, crew) for at least 1 year prior to being on the Stanford Triathlon Team.
**: Level of evidence based on criteria for assessment of cumulative evidence of genetic associations from Ioannidis et al 2008 [14].