Table 1.
Characteristics of depressed subjects and healthy controls.
| Characteristic | Control a | MDD a | Statisticb,c | p Value | Effect Size (95% CI) d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of participants recruited (n) | 43 | 38 | |||
| Overall recruitment gender (M / F) | 18 / 25 | 10 / 28 | |||
| Rejected due to missing data (n) | 1 | 1 | |||
| Rejected due to excessive motion and outlier count (n)* | 6 | 6 | |||
| Number of participants (n) | 36 | 31 | |||
| Gender (M / F) | 13 / 23 | 9 / 22 | χ2(1.00) = 0.13 | 0.72 | |
| Age at time of scan (years) | 16.1 ± 0.2 (13.1–17.9) | 16 ± 0.3 (13.1–18.1) | t(56.38) = 0.41 | 0.69 | |
| Hollingshead Socioeconomic Score | 29 ± 16.3 (0–77)† | 30 ± 17.8 (11–70)† | W = 458 | 0.21 | |
| Tanner Score | 4 ± 0.7 (3–5)† | 4 ± 0.7 (3–5)† | W = 535 | 0.77 | |
| Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence | 107.2 ± 3.4 (84–204) | 100.7 ± 2 (82–120) | t(55.69) = 1.66 | 0.1 | |
| Children's Global Assessment Scale | 90 ± 5.9 (75–100)† | 65 ± 13.3 (27–85)† | W = 1107 | <0.001 | PS(MDD > NCL)=0.004 (0, 0.03) |
| Children's Depression Rating Scale (Standardized) | 33.6 ± 0.9 (30–55) | 73.3 ± 1.4 (61–85) | t(51.64) = −23.96 | <0.001 | g=−5.8 (−6.91, −4.69) |
| Beck Depression Inventory II | 2.9 ± 0.6 (0–12) [1] | 29.1 ± 1.7 (13–45) | t(37.15) = −14.70 | <0.001 | g=−3.56 (−4.34, −2.78) |
| Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (Standardized) | 43 ± 1.6 (26–61) [2] | 59.8 ± 1.7 (40–78) | t(61.92) = −7.35 | <0.001 | g=−1.78 (−2.35, −1.21) |
| Comorbid Diagnoses in the MDD Group | |||||
| No current comorbid diagnoses e | 25 | ||||
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder (Current) | |||||
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder (Past) | 8 | ||||
| Specific Phobia (Current) | 3 | ||||
| Specific Phobia (Past) | 3 | ||||
| Anxiety Disorder Not Otherwise | |||||
| Specified (Current) | 1 | ||||
| Anxiety Disorder Not Otherwise | |||||
| Specified (Past) | 1 | ||||
| Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (Current) | 2 | ||||
| Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (Past) | 4 |
Mean ± SEM (min - max) or median ± MAD (min - max) if indicated by †. The optional number in [] indicates the number of missing data points.
Statistic: W, Wilcox rank sum test; χ2, χ2 test for equality of proportions; t, Welch T test.
Statistics for clinical scales refer only to participants with behavioral data and those surviving motion and outlier correction.
Effect size: g, Hedge’s g; PS, Probability of Superiority. Effect sizes are provided only where p < 0.1.
Refers to the absence of current and past diagnoses of: PTSD, ADHD, enuresis, conduct disorder, and oppositional defiance disorder.
Abbreviations: CI, Confidence Interval; SEM, standard error of the mean; MAD, median ab solute deviation; PTSD, Post-traumatic stress disorder; ADHD, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; M, male; F, female.