Table 1.
Median (IQR) or Percent (SE) for sample characteristics according to urbanicity level in men (China Health and Nutrition Survey)
| 1991 | 2009 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low | Medium Urbanicity* | High | Low | Medium Urbanicity* | High | |
| N | 1287 | 1208 | 1238 | 1335 | 1304 | 1290 |
| Descriptive Statistics | ||||||
| Age (years) (median,SE) | 37.7 (26.5, 48.2) | 36.8 (27.9, 47.0) | 38.9 (28.7, 54.7) | 46.7 (37.7, 57.6) | 47.1 (37.9, 57.2) | 48.3 (38.8, 57.5) |
| BMI (kg/m2) (median,SE) | 20.6 (19.4, 22.1) | 21.1 (19.8, 22.8) | 21.8 (19.9, 23.9) | 22.5 (20.7, 24.9) | 23.2 (20.9, 25.7) | 23.8 (21.6, 25.9) |
| Income (1000 Yuan) † (median,SE) | 10.5 (6.8, 15.3) | 12.0 (7.6, 19.5) | 13.4 (9.8, 19.1) | 28.4 (16.4, 49.1) | 32.9 (17.9, 54.9) | 36.5 (21.9, 60.0) |
| Urbanicity* (median,SE) | 28.8 (25.4, 32.1) | 44.5 (41.3, 50.9) | 63.9 (61.0, 68.4) | 47.2 (40.3, 50.9) | 64.2 (58.7, 71.5) | 89.6 (84.7, 93.0) |
| SBP (mm Hg) (median,SE) | 110.0 (103.3, 120.0) | 113.3 (105.3, 121.3) | 118.0 (109.3, 127.3) | 120.7 (112.0, 131.0) | 121.0 (112.7, 131.3) | 121.3 (114.7, 131.3) |
| DBP (mm Hg) (median,SE) | 74.0 (68.0, 80.0) | 75.0 (70.0, 80.0) | 78.0 (70.0, 83.3) | 80.0 (75.3, 89.0) | 80.0 (74.7, 89.3) | 80.7 (77.3, 88.0) |
| Hypertension, % (SE)‡ | 8.9 (0.8) | 13.7 (1.0) | 21.7 (1.2) | 27.6 (1.2) | 30.4 (1.3) | 30.5 (1.3) |
| Current smokers, % (SE) | 72.1 (1.3) | 67.8 (1.3) | 64.0 (1.4) | 60.4 (1.3) | 56.2 (1.4) | 54.3 (1.4) |
| Infrequent Alcohol Consumption, % (SE)§ | 25.4 (1.2) | 18.6 (1.1) | 20.7 (1.2) | 20.3 (1.1) | 17.0 (1.0) | 21.4 (1.1) |
| Frequent Alcohol Consumption, % (SE)|| | 40.0 (1.4) | 50.0 (1.4) | 40.0 (1.4) | 40.0 (1.4) | 40.0 (1.4) | 40.0 (1.4) |
| Sodium Intake (g/day)¶ (median,SE) | 6.3 (4.4, 9.0) | 6.8 (4.8, 9.2) | 5.7 (3.8, 8.3) | 4.4 (3.2, 6.1) | 4.3 (3.2, 5.9) | 4.3 (3.1, 5.9) |
| Seafood Intake (g/day)¶ (median,SE) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 33.3) | 8.3 (0.0, 66.7) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 66.7) | 33.3 (0.0, 83.3) |
| Fruit & Vegetable Intake (g/day)¶ (median,SE) | 350.0 (233.3, 483.3) | 316.7 (216.7, 450.0) | 283.3 (200.0, 383.3) | 373.3 (260.0, 503.3) | 343.3 (238.3, 463.3) | 380.0 (266.7, 498.3) |
| Physical Activity (MET-hours/week)** (median,SE) | 524.7 (400.0, 641.4) | 408.0 (244.9, 563.1) | 180.0 (100.0, 255.4) | 355.5 (266.2, 462.1) | 214.5 (103.5, 361.3) | 120.0 (29.4, 210.0) |
| Overweight/Obesity using three different classifications | ||||||
| WHO17 [≥25 kg/m2], % (SE) | 4.0 (0.5) | 8.6 (0.8) | 17.8 (1.1) | 24.1 (1.2) | 32.0 (1.3) | 34.1 (1.3) |
| China18 [≥24 kg/m2], % (SE) | 14.5 (1.0) | 22.9 (1.2) | 34.7 (1.4) | 43.2 (1.4) | 53.1 (1.4) | 59.2 (1.4) |
| Asian19 [≥23 kg/m2], % (SE) | 14.5 (1.0) | 22.9 (1.2) | 34.7 (1.4) | 43.2 (1.4) | 53.1 (1.4) | 59.2 (1.4) |
Urbanicity is defined by tertiles of a 12-component index (range: 0–120) based upon community-level features, which define and distinguish urbanicity in China.
Annual household income inflated to 2009 Yuan currency values.
Hypertension is defined as SBP/DBP ≥140/90 mm Hg or doctor diagnosed hypertension.
Infrequent alcohol consumption is defined as <1 alcoholic beverage per week.
Frequent alcohol consumption defined as 1 or more alcoholic beverages per week.
Sodium, fruit & vegetable, and fish intake data were collected by 3-day household food records, calibrated with 3 days of simultaneous, individual 24-hour recalls.
Physical activity defined by self-reported time and intensity of domestic and occupational physical activity at each survey.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; IQR, interquartile range; SE, standard error; WHO, World Health Organization