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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Nov 5.
Published in final edited form as: Cancer J. 2015 Mar-Apr;21(2):129–136. doi: 10.1097/PPO.0000000000000105

Table1.

PET tracers used for imaging cancer metabolism and their purported target transporters and enzymes. ACSS2 – acetyl coAsynthetase short-chain family member 2, cytosolic; ASCT2 – neutral amino acid transporter (SLC1A5); ATB0,+ – amino acid transporter ATBO (SLC6A14); ChoK – choline kinase; ChO – choline oxidase; EAAT – excitatory amino-acid transporter; FA – fatty acid; FASN – fatty acid synthase; GLUT – glucose transporter; GYS1 – UDP-glucose-glycogen glucosyltransferase; HIP/PAP – hepatocarcinoma-intestine-pancreas/pancreatitis-associated protein; HK – hexokinase; KHK – ketohexokinase; LAT1 - L-type amino acid transporter 1 (SLC7A5); ODC – ornithine decarboxylase; PEPT1 – Peptide transporter 1 (SLC15A1); SMIT – sodium/myo-Inositol transporter; SNAT – system A amino acid transporter; XC− – anionic amino acid transporter light chain, system Xc− (SLC7A11)

Carbohydrates Target Ref
2-[18F]-Fluoro-2-deoxy- D –glucose (FDG) GLUT-1,3, HK [19]
2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-mannose lactose ([18F]FDM) GLUT-1,3, HK [20]
2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-galactose ([18F]FDGal) GLUT-1,3, HK [23]
6-deoxy-6-[18F]fluoro-D-fructose ([18F]FDF) GLUT-5, KHK [22]
1-[18F]fluoroethyl-beta-D-lactose ([18F]FEL) HIP/PAP [21]
2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-myo-inositol SMIT [118]
18F-N-(methyl-(2-fluoroethyl)-1H-[1,2,3]triazole-4-yl)glucosamine ([18F]NFTG) GYS1 [29, 30]
Amino Acids
[11C]methionine LAT1, protein synthesis [34, 38]
[11C]tyrosine LAT1, protein synthesis [37]
[11C]leucine LAT1, protein synthesis [35]
[18F] Fluoroethyltyrosine ([18F]FET) LAT1 [119]
[18F]-Dihydroxy-phenyl-alanine ( [18F]FDOPA) LAT1 [120]
L-3-18F-α-methyl tyrosine ([18F]FAMT) LAT1 [121]
trans-1-amino-3-[ 18F]fluorocyclobutanecarboxylic acid (FACBC) LAT1, ASCT2 [16]
18F-4-fluoroglutamine ASCT2 [57, 67]
[11C]alanine ASCT2 [122, 123]
[18F]alanine ASCT2 [124]
11C-glutamine SNAT, ASCT2 [62, 66]
(4S)-4-(3-18F-fluoropropyl)-L-glutamate ([18F]FSPG) Xc− [58, 59]
18F-5-Fluoro-L-Aminosuberic Acid ([18F]FASu) Xc− [55]
[18F](2S,4S)-4-(3-Fluoropropyl)glutamine Xc− [58, 69]
18F-4-fluoroglutamate (BAY 85-8050) Xc−, EAAT [56, 57]
O-2((2-[18F]fluoroethyl)methyl-amino)ethyltyrosine ATB0,+ [125]
[11Cglycylsarcosine (11C-Gly-Sar) PEPT1 [126]
N5-[18F]fluoroacetylornithine (N5-[18F]FAO) ODC [127]
Fatty acids
[11C]acetate FASN, ACSS2, FA synthesis [5, 6, 79]
[11C]choline ChoK, ChO [85]
[18F]Fluorocholine ([18F]FCh) ChoK, ChO [86]
[18F]F-D4-choline ChoK [89, 90]
[18F]fluoro-pivalic acid (FPIA) β-oxidation [84]
[11C]palmitate β-oxidation [73, 128]
18-[18F] fluoro-4-thia-oleate (FTO) β-oxidation [75]