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Genetic pleiotropy and developmental interactions contribute to the integration of phenotypic traits, which are often observed to form distinct modules, sets of highly integrated traits with strong correlations (solid lines) within modules and relatively weaker (thin solid lines and dotted lines) and/or fewer correlations between modules. It is hypothesized that fragmentation of integrated traits through time leads to the evolution of modular phenotypes. Modified from refs. 6 and 9.
