Fig. 2.

dsDNA released from dying cells mediates adjuvant effect of NAFL. (A) An MTZ array generated by NAFL showing dsDNA (red) staining. Intensive dsDNA staining was seen immediately after laser treatment, but disappeared in 24 h (first column). Different layers of an enlarged MTZ were scanned (right columns) and the number in each panel indicates the depth of the MTZ relative to the skin surface. (Scale bar, 200 µm.) (B) C57BL/6 mice were treated with NAFL alone, NAFL plus chloroquine (CQ), or NAFL plus DNase I. Dermal IFNβ mRNA levels were measured by real-time qPCR. n = 4. Wild-type mice (WT) or indicated knockout (−/−) mice were immunized with OVA-MNs in the presence or absence of NAFL. Serum IgG1 (C) and IgG2c (D) antibody titers were measured 2 wk later by ELISA. n = 6. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. All experiments were repeated twice with similar results.