Table 1.
Distributions of sociodemographic, hygiene, and other relevant factors between wheeze cases and non-wheeze controls by area of residence. P values were calculated using the χ2 test adjusted for clustering. Monthly income represents monthly household income stratified according to the minimum wage of US$250. Recent anthelmintics – anthelmintic treatment in the previous 12 months. Missing values for urban/rural areas were as follows: age (0/2), monthly income (38/8), maternal educational level (5/4), current household smoker (3/3), breastfeeding (21/13), dog inside house (2/0), cat inside house (1/0), and farm animal contact (1/0)
| Variable | Rural |
P value | Urban |
P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-wheeze controls N = 227 | Wheeze cases N = 149 | Non-wheeze controls N = 120 | Wheeze cases N = 104 | |||
| Sociodemographics | ||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||
| 6–10 | 56 (24.67) | 59 (39.6) | 90 (75) | 71 (69.61) | ||
| 11–19 | 171 (75.33) | 90 (60.4) | 0.002 | 30 (25) | 31 (30.39) | 0.37 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 99 (43.61) | 66 (44.30) | 51 (42.50) | 49 (47.12) | ||
| Male | 128 (56.39) | 83 (55.70) | 0.85 | 69 (57.50) | 55 (52.88) | 0.48 |
| Maternal education level | ||||||
| Complete secondary | 16 (7.21) | 14 (9.40) | 34 (28.81) | 34 (33.33) | ||
| Complete primary | 94 (42.34) | 55 (36.91) | 60 (50.85) | 51 (50) | ||
| Illiterate/incomplete primary | 112 (50.45) | 80 (53.69) | 0.53 | 24 (20.34) | 17 (16.67) | 0.682 |
| Monthly income | ||||||
| ≤250 USD | 160 (76.92) | 94 (71.21) | 68 (58.62) | 56 (56) | ||
| >250 USD | 48 (23.08) | 38 (28.79) | 0.238 | 48 (41.38) | 44 (44) | 0.698 |
| Household electric appliances | ||||||
| 0–2 | 143 (63) | 108 (72.48) | 42 (35) | 52 (50) | ||
| 3–4 | 84 (37) | 41 (27.52) | 0.058 | 78 (65) | 52 (50) | 0.023 |
| Hygiene exposures | ||||||
| Birth order | ||||||
| 0–2 | 78 (34.4) | 59 (39.60) | 71 (59.17) | 55 (53.40) | ||
| 3–4 | 69 (30.4) | 51 (34.23) | 31 (25.83) | 27 (26.21) | ||
| >4 | 80 (35.2) | 39 (26.17) | 0.2 | 18 (15) | 21 (20.39) | 0.535 |
| Dog inside house | ||||||
| No | 112 (49.56) | 60 (40.54) | 91 (75.83) | 58 (55.77) | ||
| Yes | 114 (50.44) | 88 (59.46) | 0.08 | 29 (24.17) | 46 (44.23) | 0.002 |
| Cat inside house | ||||||
| No | 138 (60.79) | 100 (67.57) | 73 (60.83) | 62 (59.62) | ||
| Yes | 89 (39.21) | 48 (32.43) | 0.176 | 47 (39.17) | 42 (40.38) | 0.85 |
| Farm animal contact | ||||||
| No | 155 (68.28) | 104 (70.27) | 117 (97.50) | 99 (95.19) | ||
| Yes | 72 (31.72) | 44 (29.73) | 0.597 | 3 (2.50) | 5 (4.81) | 0.353 |
| Other relevant exposures | ||||||
| Breastfeeding | ||||||
| ≤6 months | 11 (5.12) | 6 (4.26) | 4 (3.54) | 11 (11.22) | ||
| >6 months | 204 (94.88) | 135 (95.74) | 0.717 | 109 (96.46) | 87 (88.78) | 0.03 |
| Current household smoker | ||||||
| No | 143 (63) | 94 (63.95) | 88 (73.95) | 73 (71.57) | ||
| Yes | 84 (37) | 53 (36.05) | 0.85 | 31 (26.05) | 29 (28.43) | 0.692 |
| Maternal asthma | ||||||
| No | 186 (86.51) | 79 (54.48) | 107 (90.68) | 56 (55.45) | ||
| Yes | 29 (13.49) | 66 (45.52) | <0.0001 | 11 (9.32) | 45 (44.55) | 0.0001 |
| Recent anthelmintics | ||||||
| No | 117 (52.70) | 52 (34.90) | 29 (24.37) | 14 (13.73) | ||
| Yes | 105 (47.30) | 97 (65.10) | 0.001 | 90 (75.63) | 88 (86.27) | 0.046 |