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. 2015 Feb 27;28(2):468–480. doi: 10.1111/jeb.12582

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© 2015 The Authors. Journal of Evolutionary Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Society for Evolutionary Biology.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Example distributions of the frequency (square-root transformed) of individuals bearing m-alleles. Panel (a) when leakage is absent or fitness effects are additive, heteroplasmy is nearly negligible and most individuals contain only mitochondria. Panel (b) when leakage is present and fitness effects reflect a scenario of ’reverse dominance’ (dashed lines in Fig. 2b, c), levels of heteroplasmy can be substantial, particularly when is dominant in males, but recessive in females (solid line). By contrast, when is recessive in males, yet dominant in females, levels of polymorphism are substantially lower. For the restrictive range of parameters for which invades (when selection on males is very strong), it will achieve fixation (dashed line). Parameters throughout: ; panel (a) ; dashed line: . Panel (b) (solid line). (dashed line).

Inline graphic — Example distributions of the frequency (square-root transformed) of individuals bearing m-alleles. Panel (a) when leakage is absent or fitness effects are additive, heteroplasmy is nearly negligible and most individuals contain only mitochondria. Panel (b) when leakage is present and fitness effects reflect a scenario of ’reverse dominance’ (dashed lines in Fig. 2b, c), levels of heteroplasmy can be substantial, particularly when is dominant in males, but recessive in females (solid line). By contrast, when is recessive in males, yet dominant in females, levels of polymorphism are substantially lower. For the restrictive range of parameters for which invades (when selection on males is very strong), it will achieve fixation (dashed line). Parameters throughout: ; panel (a) ; dashed line: . Panel (b) (solid line). (dashed line).