Table 2.
Mean performance of the control and MS groups (and the MS subgroups) on each of the cognitive tests
| Controls | All MS | RR | SP | PP | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General cognitive function | |||||
| Premorbid IQ (NART) | 109.7 (10.3) | 107.2 (11.0) | 106.5 (11.3) | 108.2 (9.2) | 108.1 (12.7) |
| Current IQ (WAIS-III) | 112.9 (15.0) | 100.1 (15.8)*** | 101.6 (15.2)*** | 96.7 (17.3)*** | 99.1 (16.1)** |
| Mood | |||||
| Anxiety (HADS) | 6.0 (4.1) | 6.6 (4.0) | 6.2 (3.8) | 7.4 (4.5) | 6.7 (4.3) |
| Depression (HADS) | 2.9 (3.0) | 6.1 (3.8)*** | 5.5 (3.7)*** | 7.1 (3.9)*** | 6.7 (3.7)*** |
| Executive function tests | |||||
| Hayling sentence completion | 6.1 (1.4) | 5.1 (2.0)** | 5.3 (2.1)* | 5.1 (2.0)* | 4.9 (2.1)* |
| Stroop time (seconds) | 113.3 (22.9) | 155.1 (66.9)*** | 140.9 (55.5)** | 175.0 (78.2)*** | 178.2 (77.5)*** |
| Information processing speed | |||||
| Symbol digits modalities test (z-score) | 0.56 (1.1) | −0.97 (1.4)*** | −0.78 (1.4)*** | −1.3 (1.1)*** | −1.2 (1.5)*** |
| Memory tests | |||||
| AMIPB immediate story recall | 37.7 (8.5) | 31.4 (10.4)** | 32.9 (9.86)* | 28.7 (10.5)*** | 30.1 (11.4)** |
| AMIPB delayed story recall | 35.7 (8.9) | 28.7 (11.0)*** | 30.5 (19.5)* | 25.8 (11.0)*** | 26.9 (11.7)** |
| AMIPB immediate figure recall | 67.4 (11.5) | 56.7 (14.8)*** | 60.8 (12.9)** | 51.3 (16.3)*** | 49.1 (15.2)*** |
| AMIPB delayed figure recall | 67.0 (11.7) | 55.1 (14.9)*** | 59.3 (13.3)** | 49.1 (14.4)*** | 47.6 (16.2)*** |
| Working memory | |||||
| WAIS-III digit span (age-scaled score) | 10.8 (2.9) | 9.8 (2.9) | 10.21 (3.1) | 9.2 (2.6) | 9.5 (3.2) |
SDs are expressed in parentheses.
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 (comparisons are for the whole MS group against healthy controls or MS clinical subgroups against healthy controls).
AMIPB, Adult Memory and Information Processing Battery; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; MS, multiple sclerosis; NART, National Adult Reading Test; PP, primary progressive; RR, relapsing-remitting; WAIS-III, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III.