Table 1.
Changes in cardiovascular variables in untrained men as a result of a period of recreational F training compared to R or inactive C
| Study | Activity, target group, gender | Age (years) | Training intervention; Duration (weeks), intensity (%), frequency (per week), session duration (min) |
VO2max (mL/kg/min or %) | VO2max (L/min or %) | HR sub-max (bpm) | HR rest (bpm) | BPsys rest, (mmHg) | BPdia rest, (mmHg) | MAP rest (mmHg) | RV systolic function, TAPSE (cm) | LV diastolic function, E/A ratio (%) | Arterial stiffness (AI) (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Krustrup et al1
2
10 |
F, UT, M, | 29 | 12; 82%HRmax; 2.3; 60 | 13%↑* | 11%↑* | 20↓*† | 6↓* | 8↓* | 5↓* | 6↓* | – | – | – |
| R, UT, M | 31 | 12; 82%HRmax; 2.5; 60 | 8%↑* | 7%↑* | 21↓*† | 6↓* | 7↓* | 5↓* | 6↓* | – | – | – | |
| C, UT, M | 31 | No intervention | 1%↓NS | 1%↓NS | 0↔NS | 1↑NS | 2↓NS | 2↑NS | 1↑NS | – | – | – | |
| Randers et al8 41 | F, UT, M | 31 | 64; 82%HRmax; 1.3; 60 | 8%↑* | 6%↑* | 22↓*† | 8↓*‡ | 8↓*‡ | 3↓NS | 5↓* | – | – | – |
| C, UT, M | 32 | No intervention | – | – | – | 2↓NS | 2↓NS | 3↑NS | 1↑NS | – | – | – | |
| Schmidt et al26 | F, UT, M | 68 | 52; 82%HRmax; 1.7; 45–60 | – | 18%↑*‡ | – | 8↓* | NS | NS | NS | 0.5↑*‡ | 25%↑*‡ | – |
| S, UT, M | 69 | 52; 8–20RM; 1.9; 45–60 | – | 3%↑NS | – | 2↓NS | NS | NS | NS | 0.0↔NS | NS | – | |
| C, UT, M | 67 | No intervention | – | 1%↑NS | – | 2↓NS | NS | NS | NS | 0.2 ↓NS | NS | – | |
| Andersen et al6 | F, UT, M | 68 | 16; 84%HRmax; 1.6; 45–60 | 3.8↑* | – | 8↓* | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| S, UT, M | 69 | 16; 8–20RM; 1.5; 45–60 | 0.8↑NS | – | 9↓NS | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| C, UT, M | 67 | No intervention | 0.7↓NS | 7↓NS | |||||||||
| Krustrup et al15 | F, UT, Ma, | 46 | 24; 85%HRmax; 1.7; 60 | 8%↑* | – | 12↓NS | 8↓* | 13↓*‡ | 8↓*‡ | 10↓*‡ | – | – | 7%↓* |
| DAG, UT, Ma | 47 | DA on CRF | 3%↓NS | – | 4↓NS | 3↓NS | 8↓* | 3↓* | 5↓* | – | – | ↔NS | |
| Andersen et al6 | F, UT, Ma | 46 | 24; 83%HRmax; 1.7; 60 | 8%↑* | – | – | 8↓* | – | – | 10↓*‡ | 0.4↑*‡ | 34%↑*‡ | – |
| DAG, UT, Ma | 47 | DA on CRF | 2%↓NS | – | – | 3↓NS | – | – | 5↓* | NS | NS | – | |
| Knoepfli-Lenzin et al22 | F, UT, Mmh | 37 | 12; 80%HRmax; 2.4; 60 | 9%↑* | 6%↑* | – | 7↓* | 11↓* | 9↓*‡ | 10↓*† | – | – | – |
| R, UT, Mmh | 36 | 12; 79%HRmax; 2.5; 60 | 12%↑* | 11%↑* | – | 9↓* | 7↓* | 6↓* | 6↓* | – | – | – | |
| C, UT, Mmh | 38 | No intervention | 1%↑NS | 1%↑NS | – | 6↓* | 7↓* | 4↓* | 6↓* | – | – | – | |
| Schmidt et al17 | F, UT, Mt | 51 | 24; 82%HRmax; 1.2; 60 | 12%↑* | 11%↑* | – | 6↓NS | 9↓* | 8↓* | 8↓* | 0.4↑*‡ | 18%*↑ | 0.1%↑NS |
| C, UT, Mt | 49 | No intervention | 2%↑NS | 2%↑NS | – | 2↑NS | 3↑NS | 0↔NS | 1↑NS | 0.1↓NS | NS | 0.6%↑NS | |
| De Sousa et al39 | F, UT, Mt+Wt | 61 | 12; 83%HRmax; 3; 40; F+D | 10%↑*‡ | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| C, UT, Mt+Wt | 61 | Diet group | 3%↓ NS | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Uth et al37 | F, UT, Mp | 67 | 12; 85%HRmax; 2–3; 45–60 | 1.5↑* | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| C, UT, Mp | 67 | No intervention | 0.3↑ NS | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Faude et al56 | F, UT, OCh | 11 | 12; 80%HRmax; 4.5; 60 | 7%↓NS | 5%↓NS | 7↓* | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| SP, UT, OCh | 11 | 12; 77%HRmax; 4.5; 60 | 7%↓NS | 3%↓NS | 7↓* | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Hansen et al55 | F, UT, OCh | 10 | 12; >80%HRmax; 4; 60–90 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.26↑*‡ | NS | 1.9%↑NS |
| C, UT, OCh | 11 | No intervention | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | NS | NS | 2.7%↓NS |
Changes between pretraining and post-training intervention (unless otherwise stated).
*Significant difference from 0 weeks.
†Significant group difference compared to control.
‡Significant group difference.
a, hypertensive participants; AI, augmentation index; BPdia, diastolic blood pressure; BPsys, systolic blood pressure; C, controls; CRF, cardiovascular risk factors; DAG, doctor's advice group; E/A ratio, ratio of early (E) to late (A) ventricular filling velocities; F, football; F+D, football + diet group; HRmax, maximal heart rate; LV left ventricular; M, men; MAP, mean arterial pressure; mh, mildly hypertensive participants; NS, not significant; OC, overweight children; p, prostate cancer patients; R, running; RV, right ventricular; S, strength training; SP, standard physical activity; t, type 2 diabetics; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; UT, untrained; W, women.