Table 1.

Examples of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) associated with human disorders.

lncRNA	Cancer/disease	Mechanisms of action	Reference
ANRIL	Neurofibromatosis type 1, prostate cancer, melanoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia	Chromatin modification via the recruitment of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) at the INKB/ARF/INK4A tumor suppressor locus	Pasmant et al. (2007), Pasmant et al. (2011), Yap et al. (2010), Iacobucci et al. (2011)
HOTAIR	Hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, glioblastomas	Chromatin modification via the recruitment of PRC2 and LSD1 in trans.	Gupta et al. (2010), Kogo et al. (2011), Yang et al. (2011), Zhang et al. (2015)
H19	Colorectal, gastric, breast, lung, esophageal, bladder, pancreas, ovary cancers	Chromatin modification via the recruitment of PRC2; Decoy for miR-Let-7; source of miR-675; TP53 inactivation	Kondo et al. (1995), Cooper et al. (1996), Hibi et al. (1996), Lottin et al. (2002), Berteaux et al. (2005), Tsang et al. (2010), Yang et al. (2012), Luo et al. (2013), Ma et al. (2014), Zhuang et al. (2014)
HEIH	Hepatocellular carcinoma	Chromatin modification via the recruitment of PRC2	Yang et al. (2011)
PCAT-1	Prostate cancer	Chromatin modification via the recruitment of PRC2	Prensner et al. (2011)
linc-UBC1	Bladder cancer	Chromatin modification via the recruitment of PRC2	He et al. (2013)
BACE1-AS	Alzheimer’s disease	Increase in mRNA stability	Faghihi et al. (2008)
GAS5	Breast, bladder cancers	Decoy for the glucocorticoid receptor; regulation of CDK6 expression	Mourtada-Maarabouni et al. (2009), Kino et al. (2010), Liu et al. (2013)
PTENP1	Prostate cancer	miR decoy	Poliseno et al. (2010)
KCNA2-AS	Neuropathic pain	Decrease of KCNA2 expression	Zhao et al. (2013)
MIAT	Schizophrenia	Component of the nuclear matrix involved in mRNA splicing	Barry et al. (2014), Ishizuka et al. (2014)
MALAT1	Lung cancer	Alternative splicing regulation	Schmidt et al. (2011)