Table 3.
Linear regression models of depression, anxiety and medications on HR and measures of HRV
| Model Aa | Model Bb | Model Cc | |
|---|---|---|---|
| b (95% CI) | b (95% CI) | b (95% CI) | |
| HR | |||
| Depression | 0.886 (−0.246 to 2.01) | 0.034 (−1.26 to 1.33) | 0.310 (−1.66 to 1.04) |
| Anxiety | 1.33* (0.175 to 2.50) | 0.736 (−0.495 to 2.02) | 0.666 (−0.627 to 1.96) |
| SSRIs | −0.373 (−2.17 to 1.43) | −0.405 (−2.42 to 1.61) | −0.717 (−2.82 to 1.39) |
| TCAs | 5.04** (2.39 to 7.70) | 3.78** (0.918 to 6.64) | 3.54** (0.546 to 6.53) |
| SNRIs | 10.07** (7.10 to 13.0) | 11.1** (8.01 to 14.2) | 11.5** (8.35 to 14.7) |
| Benzodiazepines | 1.29 (−0.170 to 2.75) | 0.419 (−1.25 to 2.09) | 0.525 (−1.20 to 2.26) |
| Other psychotics | 1.04 (−0.137 to 2.22) | 0.574 (−0.710 to 1.85) | 0.368 (−0.991 to 1.72) |
| Log SDNN | |||
| Depression | −1.06** (−1.12 to −1.01) | −1.04 (−0.1.11 to 1.01) | −1.03 (−1.09 to 1.02) |
| Anxiety | 1.00 (−1.04 to 1.06) | 1.04 (−1.00 to 1.10) | 1.01 (−1.03 to 1.07) |
| SSRIs | −1.16** (−1.26 to −1.07) | −1.12** (−1.23 to −1.03) | −1.09* (−1.20 to −1.00) |
| TCAs | −1.03** (−1.42 to −1.12) | −1.17** (−1.33 to −1.03) | −1.18* (−1.35 to −1.03) |
| SNRIs | −1.42** (−1.62 to −1.24) | −1.44** (−1.66 to −1.25) | −1.51** (−1.73 to −1.58) |
| Benzodiazepines | −1.10** (−1.17 to −1.03) | −1.00 (−1.08 to 1.06) | −1.01 (−1.05 to 1.09) |
| Other psychotics | −1.15** (−1.21 to −1.09) | −1.11** (−1.18 to −1.05) | −1.09** (−1.16 to −1.03) |
| Log LF | |||
| Depression | −1.19** (−1.34 to −1.05) | −1.14* (−1.30 to −1.00) | −1.11 (−1.28 to 1.02) |
| Anxiety | 1.03 (−1.08 to 1.17) | 1.19 (1.05 to 1.36) | 1.09 (−1.04 to 1.24) |
| SSRIs | −1.50**(−1.81 to −1.24) | −1.35**(−1.67 to −1.10) | −1.22 (−1.51 to 1.10) |
| TCAs | −1.71** (−2.25 to −1.29) | −1.38* (−1.87 to −1.03) | −1.30 (−1.76 to 1.03) |
| SNRIs | −2.50** (−3.41 to −1.83) | −2.67** (−3.71 to −1.93) | −2.86** (−3.95 to −2.07) |
| Benzodiazepines | −1.33** (−1.55 to −1.14) | −1.03 (−1.56 to −1.19) | 1.08 (−1.09 to 1.29) |
| Other psychotics | −1.47** (−1.67 to −1.30) | −1.36** (−1.36 to −1.19) | −1.29** (−1.48 to −1.12) |
| Log HF | |||
| Depression | −1.12 (−1.28 to 1.00) | −1.04 (−1.20 to 1.11) | −1.05 (−1.23 to 1.09) |
| Anxiety | 1.05 (−1.20 to 1.08) | 1.04 (−1.10 to 1.20) | −1.12 (−1.30 to 1.02) |
| SSRIs | −1.29* (−1.59 to −1.05) | −1.19 (−1.50 to 1.05) | −1.13 (−1.43 to 1.11) |
| TCAs | −1.67** (−2.26 to −1.23) | −1.36 (−1.89 to 1.02) | −1.42* (−1.69 to −1.01) |
| SNRIs | −2.79** (−3.92 to −1.69) | −3.01** (−4.31 to −2.10) | −3.22** (−4.06 to −2.25) |
| Benzodiazepines | −1.19* (−1.41 to −1.01) | 1.03 (−1.17 to 1.25) | 1.10 (−1.09 to 1.34) |
| Other psychotics | −1.45** (−1.66 to −1.27) | −1.37** (−1.59 to −5.62) | −1.37** (−1.59 to −1.18) |
HR, Heart rate; HRV, heart rate variability; SDNN, standard deviation of normal to normal intervals; LF, low frequency; HF, high frequency; CI, confidence interval; SSRIs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; TCAs, tricyclic antidepressants; SNRIs, serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors.
a
Univariate analysis of depression, anxiety and medications on HR and measures of HRV.
b
Adjusted for depression, anxiety and antidepressants.
c
Model B additionally adjusted for age, sex, education, body mass index, physical activity, smoking, alcohol use, heart disease, number of chronic conditions, heart medications.