Table 5. Mean Comparisons of Neuro-QoL Domains and Loneliness for Stroke Survivors Based on Current Smoking Behavior.
| Variable | Smoking Status | Mean | SD | t | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ability to participate in social roles and activities | Nonsmoker | 30.57 | 8.93 | 1.282 | .202 |
| Smoker | 27.35 | 8.12 | |||
| Anxiety | Nonsmoker | 19.00 | 7.61 | 1.49 | .138 |
| Smoker | 21.77 | 8.84 | |||
| Applied cognition: executive function | Nonsmoker | 30.83 | 9.04 | 1.202 | .232 |
| Smoker | 28.25 | 9.14 | |||
| Applied cognition: general concerns | Nonsmoker | 27.44 | 9.07 | 1.09 | .276 |
| Smoker | 24.99 | 10.96 | |||
| Depression | Nonsmoker | 15.55 | 7.64 | 2.18 | .031* |
| Smoker | 19.51 | 7.88 | |||
| Emotional and behavioral dyscontrol | Nonsmoker | 17.50 | 7.37 | 1.04 | .298 |
| Smoker | 19.35 | 7.98 | |||
| Fatigue | Nonsmoker | 21.11 | 7.69 | 1.75 | .082 |
| Smoker | 24.42 | 9.22 | |||
| Lower extremity function (mobility) | Nonsmoker | 32.11 | 8.18 | 0.357 | .722 |
| Smoker | 31.41 | 9.04 | |||
| Positive affect and well-being | Nonsmoker | 34.08 | 7.98 | 1.86 | .065 |
| Smoker | 30.50 | 8.81 | |||
| Satisfaction with social roles and activities | Nonsmoker | 28.03 | 8.62 | 2.04 | .044* |
| Smoker | 23.76 | 9.85 | |||
| Sleep disturbance | Nonsmoker | 17.90 | 6.11 | 1.34 | .182 |
| Smoker | 18.89 | 6.96 | |||
| Stigma | Nonsmoker | 12.08 | 5.94 | 0.936 | .351 |
| Smoker | 13.39 | 5.91 | |||
| Upper extremity function (fine motor, ADL) | Nonsmoker | 35.72 | 7.39 | 0.797 | .427 |
| Smoker | 34.29 | 8.29 | |||
| UCLA Loneliness Scale (three items) | Nonsmoker | 4.62 | 1.86 | 1.42 | .159 |
| Smoker | 5.26 | 2.03 |
Note. Neuro-QoL = neurological quality of life.
*
p < .05.