Table 1.
Characteristics of South Asian Subjects with Measured GFR
| Characteristics | All (n= 530) | ‡Normotensive, non-diabetic (n= 184) | §Hypertensive, Non-diabetic (n=185) | ∥Diabetic, normotensive (n=161) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age years | 49.7 +/− 9.5 | 48.1 +/− 9.0 | 50.0 +/− 9.2 | 51.3 +/− 10.0 | 0.01 |
| Men | 268 (50.6) | 99 (53.8) | 78 (42.2) | 91 (56.5) | 0.02 |
| Weight kg | 66.0 +/− 13.4 | 63.8 +/− 14.0 | 67.6 +/− 14.0 | 66.6 +/− 11.5 | 0.02 |
| Height cm | 159.8 +/− 9.2 | 161.3 +/− 9.6 | 158.7 +/− 9.3 | 159.5 +/− 8.2 | 0.02 |
| *BSA m2 | 1.68 +/− 0.18 | 1.67 +/− 0.19 | 1.69 +/− 0.18 | 1.69 +/− 0.16 | 0.4 |
| †BMI kg/m2 | 25.9 +/− 5.1 | 24.5 +/− 5.1 | 26.9 +/− 5.6 | 26.2 +/− 4.3 | <0.001 |
| ¶Overweight | 370 (69.8) | 108 (58.7) | 143 (77.0) | 119 (73.9) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference in all (cm) | 92.8 +/− 11.5 | 89.8 +/− 12.2 | 94.2 +/− 11.4 | 94.6 +/− 10.1 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference in women (cm) | 92.5 +/− 12.2 | 88.3 +/− 11.5 | 94.3 +/− 12.9 | 94.8 +/− 10.5 | 0.004 |
| Waist circumference in men (cm) | 94.2 +/− 11.0 | 91.4 +/− 12.4 | 95.6 +/− 9.8 | 96.1 +/− 9.9 | 0.005 |
| Total body fat percent | 34.6 +/− 9.0 | 33.4 +/− 8.9 | 36.6 +/− 9.2 | 33.8 +/− 8.2 | 0.001 |
| Lean body mass percent | 43.1 +/− 10.1 | 42.7 +/− 11.0 | 42.8 +/− 9.6 | 44.1 +/− 9.6 | 0.40 |
| Systolic BP mm Hg | 129.2 +/− 20.5 | 120.0 +/− 13.6 | 140.4 +/− 23.5 | 126.8 +/− 17.4 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP mm Hg | 80.9 +/− 12.0 | 76.2 +/− 9.1 | 87.0 +/− 13.5 | 79.1 +/− 10.0 | <0.001 |
| Serum albumin g/dl | 3.7 +/− 0.3 | 3.7 +/− 0.3 | 3.7 +/− 0.3 | 3.6 +/− 0.4 | 0.03 |
| **Dietary meat intake | 0.01 | ||||
| <5 servings/wk | 111 (20.9) | 27 (14.7) | 43 (23.2) | 41 (25.5) | |
| 5-10 servings/wk | 276 (52.1) | 97 (52.7) | 100 (54.1) | 79 (49.1) | |
| ≥11 servings/wk | 143 (27.0) | 60 (32.6) | 42 (22.7) | 41 (25.5) | |
| Hemoglobin g/dl | 12.6 +/− 1.8 | 12.6 +/− 1.7 | 12.5 +/− 1.8 | 12.8 +/− 1.8 | 0.4 |
| Fasting plasma glucose mg/dl | 126.7 +/− 65.3 | 98.2 +/− 31.8 | 98.3 +/− 14.7 | 192.0 +/− 80.7 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol mg/dl | 184.6 +/− 39.4 | 181.5 +/− 36.5 | 188.6 +/− 36.3 | 183.6 +/− 45.4 | 0.2 |
| LDL cholesterol mg/dl | 111.5 +/− 28.8 | 109.0 +/− 26.1 | 114.5 +/− 27.5 | 110.9 +/− 32.8 | 0.2 |
| VLDL cholesterol mg/dl | 32.5 +/− 17.8 | 27.6 +/− 13.9 | 32.4 +/− 15.6 | 38.3 +/− 22.1 | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol mg/dl | 40.0 +/− 10.3 | 42.5 +/− 10.3 | 41.1 +/− 9.7 | 36.0 +/− 9.8 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides mg/dl | 162.6 +/− 89.0 | 138.0 +/− 69.4 | 161.8 +/− 77.9 | 191.5 +/− 110.4 | <0.001 |
| Urine creatinine g/d | 1.05 +/− 2.9 | 0.95 +/− 0.5 | 1.25 +/− 0.5 | 0.93 +/− 0.4 | 0.6 |
| Urine creatinine in all (mg/kg/d) | 14.0 +/− 4.9 | 14.9 +/− 5.0 | 13.1 +/− 4.6 | 13.9 +/− 5.0 | 0.5 |
| Urine creatinine in women (mg/kg/d) | 16.1 +/− 4.7 | 17.0 +/− 4.9 | 15.5 +/− 4.4 | 15.7 +/− 4.7 | 0.07 |
| Urine creatinine in men (mg/kg/d) | 11.8 +/− 4.1 | 12.5 +/− 4.0 | 11.4 +/− 4.0 | 11.5 +/− 4.4 | 0.5 |
| Urine urea nitrogen g/d | 5.0 +/− 2.4 | 5.2 +/− 2.7 | 4.5 +/− 1.9 | 5.5 +/− 2.4 | <0.001 |
| 24 h urine volume (L/d) | 1.4 +/− 5.7 | 1.4 +/− 6.3 | 1.4 +/− 5.1 | 1.6 +/− 5.7 | 0.004 |
| Estimated protein intake g/d | 43.9 +/− 15.8 | 44.3 +/− 17.8 | 40.9 +/− 13.1 | 47.1 +/− 15.8 | 0.001 |
| Estimated protein intake g/kg/d | 0.67 +/− 0.21 | 0.69 +/− 0.23 | 0.62 +/− 0.17 | 0.71 +/− 0.21 | <0.001 |
| Serum creatinine in all mg/dl | 0.8 +/− 0.6 | 0.8 +/− 0.4 | 0.8 +/− 0.5 | 0.9 +/− 0.7 | 0.3 |
| Serum creatinine in women mg/dl | 0.7 +/− 0.6 | 0.7 +/− 0.6 | 0.7 +/− 0.5 | 0.7 +/− 0.8 | 0.8 |
| Serum creatinine in men mg/dl | 0.9 +/− 0.1 | 0.84 +/− 0.2 | 1.0 +/− 0.4 | 1.0 +/− 0.7 | 0.1 |
| Serum urea nitrogen mg/dl | 11.8 +/− 7.3 | 11.3 +/− 4.6 | 11.1 +/− 7.0 | 13.3 +/− 9.6 | 0.007 |
| Urine albumin excretion mg/d | 5.2 (3.4, 11.9) | 3.9 (2.9, 6.0) | 5.2 (3.5, 11.7) | 8.9 (4.4, 22.0) | 0.003 |
| Urine albumin-creatinine ratio (mg/g) | 6.0 (4.0, 13.0) | 4.7 (3.4, 7.6) | 6.7 (4.2, 13.8) | 10.2 (5.0, 25.1) | 0.006 |
| Measured GFR ml/min | 91.7 +/− 30.5 | 91.0 +/− 29.9 | 89.3 +/− 27.1 | 95.3 +/− 34.5 | 0.2 |
| Measured GFR ml/min/1.73 m2 | 94.1 +/− 28.6 | 94.1 +/− 27.8 | 91.2 +/− 25.3 | 97.4 +/− 32.7 | 0.1 |
Abbreviations:
*
BSA=body surface area
†
BMI=body mass index; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; BP, blood pressure; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; VLDL, very low density lipoprotein. P values refer to differences among the three subgroups and are based on chi-squared test or ANOVA, as indicated.
‡
Subjects with both hypertension and diabetes were excluded.
§
Hypertension defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg, or on antihypertensive medications.
∥
Diabetes defined as fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dl or on anti-diabetic medications
¶
Overweight defined on the basis of Asian specific cut-off of BMI ≥ 23 kg/ m2.