Table 2.
Associations with Age
| Younger (Age < 18) | Older (Age > 18) | P Value* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medical review from Fontan 1 to Fontan 2 | n = 212 | n = 214 | ||
| Follow-up time, years | Mean ± SD | 6.8 ± 0.4 | 6.9 ± 0.5 | .32 |
| Cardiac surgical procedure | n (%) | 29 (14%) | 37 (17%) | .36 |
| Cardiac cath intervention | n (%) | 38 (18%) | 40 (19%) | .88 |
| Stroke | n (%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (1%) | .04 |
| Seizure | n (%) | 4 (2%) | 11 (5%) | .07 |
| Thrombosis | n (%) | 2 (1%) | 12 (6%) | .005 |
| Arrhythmia | n (%) | 26 (12%) | 42 (20%) | .06 |
| Other important complications | n (%) | 74 (35%) | 84 (39%) | .49 |
| On heart transplant waiting list | n (%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | .99 |
| IED in place | n (%) | 22 (10%) | 34 (16%) | .11 |
| Medical review since Fontan surgery | n = 212 | n = 214 | ||
| Follow-up time, years | Mean ± SD | 12.8 ± 1.7 | 17.8 ± 2.8 | <.001 |
| PLE | n (%) | 13 (6%) | 17 (8%) | .85 |
| Cirrhosis | n (%) | 3 (1%) | 12 (6%) | .07 |
| Plastic bronchitis | n (%) | 1 (0.5%) | 1 (0.5%) | .81 |
| Clinical assessment | n = 216 | n = 210 | ||
| Percentile height for age | Mean ± SD | 36 ± 31 | 40 ± 30 | .32 |
| Height-for-age z-score | Mean ± SD | −0.7 ± 1.5 | −0.5 ± 1.2 | .27 |
| Percentile weight for age | Mean ± SD | 45 ± 34 | 46 ± 34 | .72 |
| Weight-for-age z-score | Mean ± SD | −0.4 ± 1.6 | −0.2 ± 1.6 | .55 |
| BMI-for-age z-score | Mean ± SD | 0.0 ± 1.3 | 0.0 ± 1.3 | .94 |
| NYHA heart failure classification | n (%) | .25 | ||
| Class I | 123 (57%) | 111 (53%) | ||
| Class II | 63 (30%) | 56 (27%) | ||
| Class III | 22 (10%) | 27 (13%) | ||
| Class IV | 8 (4%) | 16 (7%) | ||
| Number of medications | n (%) | .22 | ||
| 0 | 18 (8%) | 27 (13%) | ||
| 1 | 55 (25%) | 44 (21%) | ||
| ≥2 | 145 (67%) | 137 (66%) | ||
| ACE inhibitors | n (%) | 127 (58%) | 99 (48%) | .03 |
| Peds-QL—subject report | n = 207 | n = 201 | ||
| 4.0 generic core scales | ||||
| Physical functioning score | Mean ± SD | 76 ± 17 | 73 ± 20 | .16 |
| Emotional functioning score | Mean ± SD | 74 ± 20 | 73 ± 21 | .51 |
| Social functioning score | Mean ± SD | 78 ± 20 | 78 ± 21 | .94 |
| School functioning score | Mean ± SD | 70 ± 19 | 71 ± 21 | .85 |
| Psychosocial health summary score | Mean ± SD | 74 ± 16 | 74 ± 18 | .74 |
| Physical health summary score | Mean ± SD | 76 ± 17 | 73 ± 20 | .16 |
| Total generic score of pediatric quality of life | Mean ± SD | 75 ± 15 | 74 ± 17 | .41 |
| 3.0 cardiac module | ||||
| Heart problems and treatment score | Mean ± SD | 70 ± 19 | 66 ± 20 | .06 |
| Treatment score | Mean ± SD | 91 ± 11 | 87 ± 15 | .001 |
| Perceived physical appearance score | Mean ± SD | 79 ± 22 | 75 ± 26 | .13 |
| Treatment anxiety score | Mean ± SD | 81 ± 24 | 81 ± 24 | .86 |
| Cognitive problems score | Mean ± SD | 69 ± 22 | 65 ± 24 | .08 |
| Communication score | Mean ± SD | 73 ± 24 | 72 ± 26 | .65 |
| Socioeconomic status | n = 214 | n = 206 | ||
| Hollingshead score | Mean ± SD | 45 ± 14 | 43 ± 15 | .19 |
| Median (IQR) | 47 (35, 56) | 45 (33, 55) | .19 | |
*
ANOVA for means; Fisher’s exact test for frequencies.
ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; BMI, body mass index; cath, cardiac catheterization; IED, implanted electronic device; IQR, interquartile range; NYHA, New York Heart Association Heart Failure Class; Peds-QL, The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory; PLE, protein-losing enteropathy; SD, standard deviation. P values <0.05 noted in bold font.