Table 1.
Means (Standard Deviations) of writing measures
| Grade 3 | Grade 2 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
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| Entire Sample | Males | Females | Entire Sample | Males | Females | Loadings | |
| WIAT total raw score (Words written + theme and organization ) |
88.82 (35.23) | 81.90 (32.90) | 97.55 (36.25) | 79.89 (36.09) | 71.35 (36.35) | 87.21 (34.35) | NA |
| WIAT total score: SS | 107.92 (13.74) | 105.73 (14.06) | 110.68 (12.87) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| WIAT theme & organization raw |
6.58 (2.84) | 6.28 (2.90) | 6.97 (2.74) | 5.62 (2.59) | 5.38 (2.65) | 5.83 (2.53) | .72 |
| WIAT theme & organization SS |
105.09 (16.02) | 103.71 (16.53) | 106.83 (15.24) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| WJ-III Writing Fluency raw |
13.62 (4.41) | 12.89 (4.11) | 14.55 (4.62) | 10.11 (4.97) | 9.48 (4.92) | 10.68 (4.96) | .67 |
| WJ-III Writing Fluency SS |
98.24 (15.78) | 96.34 (13.85) | 100.63 (17.69) | 95.09 (26.54) | 93.44 (24.29) | 96.57 (28.44) | NA |
| Writing Quality Indicators | |||||||
| WIAT Idea quality | 3.89 (0.88) | 3.81 (0.83) | 3.98 (0.93) | 3.44 (0.76) | 3.32 (0.81) | 3.55 (0.71) | .66 |
| WIAT Organization | 3.25 (0.89) | 3.21 (0.86) | 3.30 (0.94) | 2.88 (0.82) | 2.79 (0.86) | 2.96 (0.79) | .70 |
| Narrative Idea quality | 4.46 (1.00) | 4.30 (0.92) | 4.66 (1.06) | 4.10 (1.10) | 3.99 (1.17) | 4.19 (1.04) | .65 |
| Narrative Organization |
3.56 (0.87) | 3.44 (0.76) | 3.71 (0.97) | 3.16 (0.78) | 3.10 (0.84) | 3.21 (0.73) | .63 |
| Pet Idea quality | 3.76 (0.80) | 3.66 (0.76) | 3.88 (0.83) | 3.55 (0.81) | 3.39 (0.80) | 3.70 (0.80) | .54 |
| Pet Organization | 2.96 (0.69) | 2.92 (0.71) | 3.02 (0.67) | 2.66 (0.69) | 2.53 (0.65) | 2.77 (0.69) | .60 |
| CBM scores | |||||||
| WIAT CWS | 63.53 (31.85) | 57.40 (30.30) | 71.19 (32.27) | 52.93 (29.97) | 45.40 (28.15) | 59.23 (20.11) | NA |
| WIAT IWS | 26.43 (16.10) | 25.47 (14.16) | 27.71 (18.22) | 29.55 (20.52) | 27.94 (22.24) | 30.91 (18.93) | NA |
| Narrative CWS | 66.35 (35.35) | 59.94 (31.00) | 74.63 (38.89) | 54.68 (28.01) | 48.50 (25.65) | 30.91 (18.93) | NA |
| Narrative IWS | 32.36 (18.33) | 31.63 (17.25) | 33.30 (19.68) | 37.19 (23.50) | 34.82 (25.38) | 39.16 (21.73) | NA |
| Pet CWS | 62.87 (34.33) | 54.31 (30.10) | 73.22 (36.34) | 54.10 (33.52) | 45.25 (29.47) | 61.69 (35.01) | NA |
| Pet IWS | 25.57 (17.83) | 24.91 (18.32) | 26.36 (17.27) | 27.40 (21.29) | 26.25 (21.29) | 28.39 (21.28) | NA |
| WIAT %CWS | .76 (.18) | .74 (.18) | .78 (.18) | .69 (.22) | .68 (.22) | .71 (.22) | .87 |
| Narrative %CWS | .73 (.17) | .72 (.17) | .74 (.18) | .66 (.20) | .66 (.20) | .66 (.20) | .80 |
| Pet %CWS | .78 (.20) | .75 (.21) | .81 (.19) | .72 (.22) | .69 (.22) | .74 (.22) | .78 |
| WIAT CIWS | 37.09 (35.02) | 31.99 (33.18) | 43.48 (36.35) | 23.46 (34.10) | 17.66 (32.66) | 28.32 (34.65) | .87 |
| WIAT CIWS SS | 100.35 (17.13) | 97.96 (16.55) | 103.36 (17.44) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Narrative CIWS | 33.99 (36.83) | 28.31 (31.25) | 41.33 (42.00) | 17.48 (31.69) | 13.67 (31.88) | 20.64 (31.32) | .85 |
| Pet CIWS | 37.31 (36.71) | 29.40 (31.85) | 46.86 (39.94) | 26.58 (34.84) | 18.74 (29.86) | 33.30 (37.43) | .79 |
| Writing Productivity Indicators | |||||||
| WIAT number of words |
82.38 (33.66) | 75.83 (31.17) | 90.58 (34.97) | 74.77 (34.99) | 66.36 (34.90) | 81.88 (33.59) | .87 |
| WIAT number of words SS |
109.00 (13.49) | 106.51 (13.14) | 112.15 (13.33) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Narrative number of words |
89.44 (38.38) | 82.01 (34.08) | 99.03 (41.52) | 82.36 (38.12) | 73.79 (36.56) | 89.47 (38.06) | .84 |
| Pet number of words | 80.05 (36.92) | 72.52 (35.24) | 89.14 (37.01) | 73.86 (41.14) | 64.33 (39.14) | 82.11 (41.21) | .76 |
| WIAT number of ideas | 12.07 (5.04) | 11.28 (4.80) | 13.06 (5.18) | 11.73 (5.51) | 10.44 (5.34) | 12.82 (5.43) | .80 |
| Narrative number of ideas |
15.62 (6.69) | 14.30 (6.02) | 17.31 (7.14) | 14.26 (6.80) | 12.76 (6.46) | 15.50 (6.84) | .78 |
| Pet number of ideas | 12.95 (5.84) | 11.74 (5.52) | 14.41 (5.91) | 11.69 (6.01) | 10.47 (5.84) | 12.76 (5.98) | .69 |
Note. WIAT = Wechsler Individual Achievement Test-Third Edition. SS = standard score. WJ-III = Woodcock Johnson III Tests of Achievement. CBM = curriculum-based measurement. CWS = correct word sequences. IWS = incorrect word sequences.
CIWS = correct minus incorrect word sequences.
Loadings were for the following latent variables: Writing quality, CBM writing, and productivity. The loadings of the WIAT theme and organization, and WJ-III Writing Fluency raw were those when they were considered as indicators of the writing quality.