Table 2.
Means (Standard Deviations) of language and literacy predictors by gender
| Grade 3 | Grade 2 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||||
| Entire Sample | Males | Females | Entire Sample | Males | Females | Loadings | |
| OWLS raw | 87.09 (10.71) | 87.29 (10.20) | 86.84 (11.37) | 82.54 (11.00) | 81.15 (11.25) | 83.74 (10.69) | .74 |
| OWLS SS | 98.09 (13.48) | 98.12 (13.01) | 98.05 (14.12) | 101.40 (12.47) | 99.57 (12.59) | 102.98 (12.19) | NA |
| TNL Narrative Comprehension raw |
28.34 (4.60) | 27.91 (4.67) | 28.87 (4.47) | 26.60 (4.89) | 25.79 (5.29) | 27.29 (4.42) | .70 |
| TNL Narrative Comprehension SS |
8.65 (3.06) | 8.33 (2.92) | 9.04 (3.21) | 8.33 (2.70) | 7.86 (2.70) | 8.73 (3.21) | NA |
| WJ-III Picture Vocabulary raw |
23.24 (3.16) | 23.22 (3.32) | 23.28 (2.96) | 21.50 (3.19) | 21.58 (3.07) | 21.43 (3.30) | .75 |
| WJ-III Picture Vocabulary SS | 99.13 (10.41) | 99.00 (10.89) | 99.30 (9.79) | 98.74 (10.61) | 98.87 (9.92) | 98.64 (11.21) | NA |
| WJ-III LWID raw | 50.26 (6.64) | 50.04 (6.74) | 50.54 (6.53) | 44.37 (7.31) | 43.84 (7.47) | 44.82 (7.18) | .85 |
| WJ-III LWID SS | 104.84 (11.04) | 104.40 (11.21) | 105.41 (10.85) | 105.89 (11.41) | 104.84 (11.34) | 106.80 (11.44) | NA |
| Sight Word Efficiency raw | 62.88 (11.59) | 61.79 (10.77) | 64.20 (12.45) | 54.45 (13.19) | 53.43 (14.24) | 55.31 (12.22) | .89 |
| Sight Word Efficiency SS | 96.26 (15.02) | 94.50 (13.95) | 98.43 (16.04) | 99.57 (15.20) | 98.05 (16.29) | 100.84 (14.16) | NA |
| WIAT - ORF1 | 60.09 (23.48) | 61.70 (23.14) | 58.04 (23.86) | 65.67 (28.27) | 67.04 (29.86) | 64.50 (26.89) | NA |
| WIAT - ORF2 | 71.69 (28.42) | 74.06 (27.75) | 68.70 (29.91) | 77.83 (41.70) | 83.45 (49.13) | 73.02 (33.54) | NA |
| WIAT ORF Weighted raw | 105.17 (35.81) | 101.75 (34.41) | 109.46 (37.21) | 88.57 (33.43) | 85.10 (33.81) | 91.44 (32.96) | .88 |
| WIAT ORF SS | 103.49 (14.98) | 101.85 (14.60) | 105.54 (15.25) | 99.23 (13.58) | 97.37 (13.92) | 100.78 (13.14) | NA |
| TOSREC raw | 25.24 (9.27) | 24.21 (9.39) | 26.48 (9.02) | 26.09 (9.75) | 24.80 (9.90) | 27.22 (9.52) | .79 |
| TOSREC SS | 101.22 (16.37) | 99.36 (16.61) | 103.48 (15.85) | 98.64 (15.22) | 96.64 (15.33) | 100.37 (14.97) | NA |
| WJ-III Passage Comprehension raw |
25.77 (3.49) | 25.66 (3.52) | 25.91 (3.47) | 23.44 (3.92) | 23.07 (3.95) | 23.76 (3.87) | .80 |
| WJ-III Passage Comprehension SS |
95.38 (9.48) | 95.05 (9.56) | 95.82 (9.41) | 97.51 (9.45) | 96.44 (9.40) | 98.45 (9.42) | NA |
| WIAT Alphabet Writing Fluency raw |
17.57 (6.35) | 17.32 (6.40) | 17.87 (6.31) | 15.91 (6.04) | 15.76 (6.10) | 16.03 (6.00) | NA |
| WIAT Alphabet Writing Fluency SS |
104.74 (18.95) | 104.12 (18.33) | 105.53 (19.77) | 104.62 (17.31) | 104.22 (16.85) | 104.97 (17.77) | NA |
| WJ-III Spelling raw | 32.63 (5.88) | 32.57 (5.88) | 32.70 (5.90) | 28.85 (5.51) | 28.56 (5.88) | 29.09 (5.20) | NA |
| WJ-III Spelling SS | 102.75 (14.45) | 102.50 (14.70) | 103.06 (14.20) | 102.58 (13.92) | 101.46 (14.40) | 103.53 (13.50) | NA |
| Story copying: letters correct |
36.21 (15.96) | 33.51 (13.99) | 39.60 (17.62) | 27.55 (11.59) | 26.17 (12.35) | 28.75 (10.80) | NA |
| SWAN Attention | 34.36 (10.13) | 33.01 (9.73) | 36.08 (10.42) | 36.68 (11.90) | 33.19 (11.77) | 39.62 (11.24) | NA |
| RAN Time | 28.40 (7.15) | 28.45 (6.76) | 28.35 (7.64) | 32.53 (8.88) | 33.12 (9.82) | 32.03 (8.01) | NA |
| RAN SS | 99.88 (12.63) | 99.37 (11.98) | 100.54 (13.43) | 99.47 (12.84) | 98.57 (13.24) | 100.23 (12.49) | NA |
Note. raw = raw score. OWLS = Oral and Written Language Scale. TNL = Test of Narrative Language. WJ-III = Woodcock Johnson-III Tests of Achievement. LWID = Letter Word Identification. SS = standard score. WIAT = Wechsler Individual Achievement Test-Third Edition. ORF = Oral Reading Fluency. TOSREC = Test of Silent Reading Efficiency and Comprehension.
RAN = rapid automatized naming
Loadings were for oral language latent variable (OWLS, TNL, & WJ picture vocabulary), and reading latent variable (WJ Letter Word Identification; TOWRE Sight Word Efficiency; Oral reading fluency; TOSREC; and WJ Passage Comprehension)