TNFα expression levels evaluated in human and mice cartilage samples. (A): Immunohistochemical staining of TNFα in human normal and OA cartilage samples. Scale bars = 200 or 100 μm. (B): Quantification of TNFα-positive cells in human normal and OA cartilage. (C): Comparison of mRNA expression levels of TNFα between human normal and OA cartilages by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). (D): Immunohistochemical staining of TNFα in mouse normal and OA cartilage. Scale bars = 100 or 50 μm. (E): Quantification of TNFα-positive cells in mouse normal and OA cartilage. (F): Comparison of mRNA expression levels of TNFα in mouse normal and OA cartilages by qRT-PCR. ∗, p < .05; ∗∗, p < .01; ∗∗∗, p < .001. Abbreviations: 4W, 4 weeks; 8W, 8 weeks; OA, osteoarthritis; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α.