Table 2.

Description of excluded cohort studies

First author	Year of publication	Location	Study period	Study population	Weight/height measurement	BMI classification	Adjusted for	Outcomes reported
Moore et al. [45]	2000	Boston, USA	Oct 1984 to Jun 1987	Women who had MSAFP screening and were receiving prenatal care in Boston	Retrospectively self reported by mother	UW < 25 NWa 25 to < 28 Obeseb ≥ 28	Maternal age, education, first trimester cigarette use, alcohol intake, folic acid and retinol intake during pregnancy	Orofacial cleftd
Garcia-Patterson et al. [56]	2004	Barcelona, Spain	Jan 1986 to Jul 2002	Women with gestational diabetes in the Hospitals of Holy Cross and St Paul’s	Did not say	1st tertile (15.43, 21.91) 2nd tertilea (21.92, 24.77) 3rd tertile (24.78, 47.07)	Maternal age, smoking in first trimester	Congenital malformationse
Villamor et al. [57]	2008	Sweden	1992 to 2004	Women with births recorded on Swedish Medical Birth Registry	At first antenatal visit	Change in BMIc	Mother‘s country of origin, maternal age, paternal age, mothers education, smoking, complications at pregnancy	CL CP CLP

^aExcluded because NW is not according to WHO classification.

^bExcluded because obese is not according to WHO classification.

^cExcluded because reference weight was “change in BMI”.

^dExcluded because congenital malformation included all forms of malformation and the did not report the outcomes of individual malformation.

^eExcluded because orofacial cleft was not sub-divided.

MSAFP = maternal serum a-fetoprotein; NW = normal weight (reference weight); UW = underweight; CL = cleft lip; CP = cleft palate; CLP = cleft lip with or without palate; orofacial cleft = CP+CLP; BMI = body mass index.