Table 5.
Description of cases and controls for case control studies
| Characteristics |
Study |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Waller et al. [32] | Stott-Miller et al. [46] | Watkins et al. [58] | ||
| Ethnicity/race | Cases No. (%) |
Non-Hispanic white 6230 (60.8) Black 1047 (10.2) Hispanic 2394 (23.4) Other 555 (5.4) Missing 23 (0.2) |
White 1674 (80) Black/African American 51 (2) American Indian/Alaska Native 73 (4) Asian 121 (6) Hawaiian/Pacific Islander 10 (1) Hispanic/Latino 167 (8) Other 2 (0) |
59% white 41% others |
| Controls No. (%) |
Non-Hispanic white 2439 (60) Black 487 (12) Hispanic 952 (22.8) Other 203 (5) Missing 11 (0.3) |
White 13617 (77) Black/African American 722 (4) American Indian/Alaska Native 419 (2) Asian 1073 (6) Hawaiian/Pacific Islander 72 (0) Hispanic/Latino 1682 (10) Other 6 (0) |
55% white 45% others |
|
|
Recruitment sources |
Case | National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS) population in 8 states: Arkansas, Iowa, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Georgia, California, Texas, and New York |
Birth Certificate in Washington state | Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program |
| Control | Birth certificates of 8 states: Arkansas, Iowa, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Georgia, California, Texas, and New York |
Birth Certificate in Washington state | Hospitals registered with the Atlanta Birth Defects Risk factor Surveillance study |
|
| Inclusion criteria | Case |
Live birth Fetal death Pregnancy termination |
Live birth with (ICD-9 diagnostic codes): 749 (CP) or 749.1 (CL) or 749.2 (CLP) |
Live birth Fetal death Pregnancy termination |
| Control |
Live birth (randomly selected without malformations) |
Live birth (random sample without diagnosis of orofacial) |
Live birth (stratified random sample without malformations) |
|
| Exclusion criteria | Case |
Chromosomal abnormalities, diabetes |
Chromosomal abnormalities, diabetes |
Chromosomal abnormalities, diabetes |
| Control | Diabetes | Diabetes | Diabetes | |
| Response rate of maternal interview for weight and height information |
Case | 71.4% | N/A | N/R |
| Control | 67.9% | N/A | N/R | |
N/R = not reported; N/A = not applicable, CL = cleft lip; CP = cleft palate; CLP = cleft lip with or without palate.