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. 2015 Mar 11;15:44. doi: 10.1186/s12909-015-0327-0

Table 2.

Comparison of the learning approaches

Superficial Deep/Strategic Chi square Odds ratio
n (%) n (%) p-value
Year 2 55 (25.3) 162 (74.7) 0.176 1.375
Year 3 40 (19.8) 162 (80.2)
(Yr2 & Yr3) 95 (22.7) 324 (77.3)
Malaysian 90 (23.5) 293 (76.5) 0.188 1.904
International 5 (13.9) 31 (86.1)
Online Lectures 66 (21.8) 237 (78.2) 0.482 1.197
Books 74 (22.2) 260 (77.8) 0.616 1.153
Discussion 23 (24.2) 72 (75.8) 0.684 0.894
Own Notes 12 (15.2) 67 (84.8) 0.078 1.803
Male 48 (25.5) 140 (74.5) 0.207 1.342
Female 47 (20.3) 184 (79.7)
Undergraduate 92 (22.4) 318 (77.6) 0.440 0.579
Postgraduate 3 (33.3) 6 (66.7)
Age ≤20 27 (20.9) 102 (79.1) 0.570 0.864
Age > 20 68 (23.4) 222 (76.6)
Unimodal 76 (22.2) 267 (77.8) 0.592 0.854
Multimodal 19 (25) 57 (75)
Mid/High Achievers 66 (20.6) 255 (79.4) 0.062 1.624
Low Achievers 29 (29.6) 69 (70.4)

p-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.