Table 1.
Characteristics of children with the Internalizing Problems (IP) or with the Externalizing Problems (EP) compared to controls
| Controls without IP (N = 959) | IP (N = 44) | Controls vs. IP | Controls without EP (N = 973) | EP (N = 30) | Controls vs. EP | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UOR | d (95% CI) | p | UOR | d (95% CI) | p | |||||
| Age, mean (SD) | 9.04 (0.70) | 9.20 (0.59) | -1.49a | 0.137b | 9.03 (0.72) | 0.14a | 0.885b | |||
| Male (n(%)) | 560 (57.9) | 25 (56.8) | 0.96 (0.52-1.76) | -0.10 (-0.25-0.05) | 0.890 | 561 (57.7) | 19 (63.3) | 1.27 (0.60-2.70) | 0.06 (-0.13-0.25) | 0.536 |
| Region (n(%)) | ||||||||||
| Urban | 404 (41.8) | 17 (38.6) | ref | 413 (42.1) | 8 (26.7) | ref | ||||
| Industrial | 381 (39.4) | 19 (43.2) | 1.17 (0.64-2.15) | 0.04 (-0.10-0.18) | 0.616 | 384 (39.1) | 16 (53.3) | 1.78 (0.86-3.68) | 0.14 (-0.04-0.32) | 0.122 |
| Rural | 182 (18.8) | 8 (18.2) | 1.04 (0.48-2.28) | 0.01 (-0.18-0.20) | 0.915 | 184 (18.8) | 6 (20.0) | 0.92 (0.37-2.29) | -0.02 (-0.24-0.20) | 0.864 |
| Family income (n(%)) | ||||||||||
| Middle or upper | 601 (62.2) | 26 (59.1) | ref | 596 (62.6) | 13 (43.4) | ref | ||||
| Lower | 366 (37.8) | 18 (40.9) | 1.14 (0.62-2.10) | 0.03 (-0.12-0.18) | 0.683 | 356 (37.4) | 17 (56.7) | 2.19 (1.05-4.56) | 0.19 (0.01-0.37) | 0.036* |
| Paternal education (n(%)) | ||||||||||
| High school degree or lower | 514 (53.2) | 28 (64.3) | 1.59 (0.83-3.02) | 0.11 (-0.04-0.26) | 0.161 | 523 (53.3) | 20 (65.5) | 1.67 (0.77-3.62) | 0.12 (-0.07-0.31) | 0.198 |
| College degree or higher | 453 (46.8) | 16 (35.7) | ref | 458 (46.7) | 10 (34.5) | ref | ||||
| Maternal education (n(%)) | ||||||||||
| High school degree or lower | 647 (66.9) | 31 (71.4) | 1.23 (0.62-2.44) | 0.05 (-0.12-0.22) | 0.550 | 656 (66.9) | 23 (75.9) | 1.55 (0.66-3.68) | 0.10 (-0.11-0.31) | 0.316 |
| College degree or higher | 320 (33.1) | 13 (28.6) | ref | 325 (33.1) | 7 (24.1) | ref | ||||
at-statistics; bresult of independent t-test, others are the results of binary logistic regression analyses; UOR, unadjusted odd ratio; ref, reference group; *p <0.05.