Table 1.
| A: Demographic and clinical characteristics of male U.S. adults (>50 years) without a history of known diabetes (n=2664)*
| |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | HbA1c < 5% |
HbA1c 5–5.4% |
HbA1c 5.5–5.9% |
HbA1c 6.0–6.4% |
HbA1c ≥ 6.5% |
p-value | |
| Demographics | |||||||
| Mean Age (years) | 62.7 ± 0.2 | 62.7 ± 0.8 | 61.6 ± 0.4 | 63.4 ± 0.4 | 65.9 ± 0.7 | 63.5 ± 1.2 | < 0.001 |
| Age (years) | < 0.001 | ||||||
| 50–59 | 47.2 ± 1.2 | 46.1 ± 4.7 | 53.0 ± 2.0 | 43.5 ± 2.0 | 34.7 ± 4.0 | 40.1 ± 5.8 | |
| 60–69 | 26.2 ± 0.9 | 27.1 ± 3.2 | 23.8 ± 1.6 | 27.7 ± 1.5 | 27.1 ± 3.1 | 34.5 ± 5.3 | |
| 70–79 | 18.2 ± 0.7 | 18.2 ± 3.0 | 16.2 ± 1.2 | 19.5 ± 1.4 | 25.8 ± 3.1 | 15.9 ± 2.7 | |
| 80+ | 8.4 ± 0.5 | 8.6 ± 1.6 | 7.0 ± 0.7 | 9.3 ± 0.7 | 12.4 ± 2.1 | 9.5 ± 1.9 | |
| Race (%) | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Black | 7.4 ± 0.8 | 17.4 ± 2.5 | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 8.0 ± 0.9 | 16.3 ± 2.4 | 8.5 ± 1.9 | |
| White | 81.6 ± 1.7 | 70.7 ± 2.7 | 86.9 ± 1.6 | 81.9 ± 2.0 | 64.8 ± 4.7 | 71.7 ± 4.6 | |
| Mex-American | 3.4 ± 0.6 | 2.1 ± 0.5 | 3.1 ± 0.6 | 3.5 ± 0.7 | 5.5 ± 1.3 | 5.4 ± 0.8 | |
| Other | 7.6 ± 1.3 | 9.8 ± 2.4 | 6.4 ± 1.2 | 6.6 ± 1.3 | 13.4 ± 3.8 | 14.4 ± 4.7 | |
| Education | |||||||
| > High school (%) | 54.2 ± 1.8 | 55.3 ± 5.7 | 60.3 ± 2.0 | 49.7 ± 2.3 | 45.3 ± 4.0 | 41.2 ± 4.7 | < 0.001 |
| Questionnaire, physical examination, and laboratory measures | |||||||
| Physically active (%)† | 21.2 ± 1.4 | 25.4 ± 4.3 | 23.7 ± 2.2 | 18.5 ± 1.8 | 16.3 ± 3.2 | 17.1 ± 4.4 | < 0.001 |
| Mean weight (kg) | 85.9 ± 0.4 | 80.1 ± 1.1 | 84.7 ± 0.6 | 87.4 ± 0.6 | 89.0 ± 1.9 | 93.2 ± 1.3 | < 0.001 |
| Mean height (cm) | 175.0 ± 0.2 | 174.0 ± 0.5 | 175.9 ± 0.3 | 174.8 ± 0.3 | 173.2 ± 0.7 | 172.3 ± 0.8 | < 0.001 |
| Neuropathy (%) | 12.6 ± 0.7 | 9.6 ± 2.2 | 12.5 ± 1.4 | 11.8 ± 1.0 | 20.0 ± 2.7 | 17.3 ± 4.0 | < 0.001 |
| Mean CRP (mg/dl) | 0.4 ± 0.0 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | 0.4 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 |
| Body composition measures | |||||||
| Total lean mass (%)** | 67.4 ± 1.2 | 68.6 ± 3.9 | 68.1 ± 1.3 | 66.9 ± 1.8 | 65.7 ± 2.0 | 65.0 ± 3.2 | < 0.001 |
| Appendicular lean mass (%)** | 29.4 ± 1.0 | 30.1 ± 2.8 | 29.8 ± 1.3 | 29.1 ± 1.2 | 28.4 ± 2.0 | 27.9 ± 2.2 | < 0.001 |
| Trunk lean mass (%)** | 34.0 ± 1.4 | 34.3 ± 3.5 | 34.2 ± 1.5 | 33.8 ± 1.6 | 33.4 ± 1.7 | 33.3 ± 2.4 | < 0.001 |
| Total body fat (%)** | 30.0 ± 0.2 | 28.7 ± 0.6 | 29.3 ± 0.3 | 30.6 ± 0.3 | 31.8 ± 0.4 | 32.5 ± 0.6 | < 0.001 |
| B: Demographic and clinical characteristics of female U.S. adults (>50 years) without a history of known diabetes (n=2770)*
| |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | HbA1c < 5% |
HbA1c 5–5.4% |
HbA1c 5.5–5.9% |
HbA1c 6.0–6.4% |
HbA1c ≥ 6.5% |
p-value | |
| Demographics | |||||||
| Mean Age (years) | 64.2 ± 0.2 | 63.3 ± 0.8 | 63.2 ± 0.4 | 65.5 ± 0.4 | 64.8 ± 0.7 | 66.2 ± 0.9 | < 0.001 |
| Age (years) | < 0.001 | ||||||
| 50–59 | 41.1 ± 1.0 | 44.5 ± 3.8 | 45.4 ± 1.8 | 37.3 ± 2.0 | 31.9 ± 3.5 | 33.3 ± 6.6 | |
| 60–69 | 26.4 ± 1.2 | 27.4 ± 3.1 | 25.9 ± 1.7 | 25.5 ± 1.9 | 33.7 ± 3.7 | 26.5 ± 4.9 | |
| 70–79 | 20.8 ± 0.8 | 15.3 ± 3.0 | 18.9 ± 1.4 | 23.4 ± 1.5 | 24.3 ± 3.2 | 25.3 ± 5.7 | |
| 80+ | 11.7 ± 0.7 | 12.8 ± 2.5 | 9.8 ± 0.8 | 13.8 ± 1.0 | 10.1± 2.0 | 14.8 ± 2.0 | |
| Race (%) | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Black | 8.1 ± 1.0 | 11.2 ± 1.6 | 5.1 ± 0.8 | 8.8 ± 1.2 | 17.0 ± 3.1 | 21.4 ± 3.5 | |
| White | 80.1 ± 1.7 | 76.7 ± 2.9 | 86.2 ± 1.3 | 77.6 ± 2.5 | 63.5 ± 3.6 | 55.9 ± 7.2 | |
| Mex-American | 3.1 ± 0.6 | 3.0 ± 0.9 | 2.6 ± 0.5 | 3.6 ± 0.7 | 3.2 ± 0.8 | 4.9 ± 1.8 | |
| Other | 8.7 ± 1.3 | 9.1 ± 2.6 | 6.1 ± 1.0 | 10.0 ± 1.9 | 16.3 ± 3.3 | 17.8 ± 5.7 | |
| Education | |||||||
| > High school (%) | 47.0 ± 1.5 | 47.4 ± 2.9 | 51.7 ± 2.0 | 43.5 ± 2.3 | 36.6 ± 3.1 | 35.0 ± 5.4 | < 0.001 |
| Questionnaire, physical examination, and laboratory measures | |||||||
| Physically active (%)† | 18.7 ± 1.2 | 19.4 ± 3.7 | 21.7 ± 1.6 | 16.3 ± 1.6 | 11.7 ± 1.9 | 12.7 ± 4.8 | < 0.001 |
| Mean weight (kg) | 72.9 ± 0.5 | 69.2 ± 1.2 | 70.3 ± 0.6 | 75.3 ± 0.6 | 78.2 ± 1.1 | 82.3 ± 1.6 | < 0.001 |
| Mean height (cm) | 160.7 ± 0.2 | 160.4 ± 0.4 | 161.4 ± 0.2 | 160.1 ± 0.3 | 159.1 ± 0.5 | 160.4 ± 0.6 | < 0.001 |
| Neuropathy (%) | 7.1 ± 0.5 | 5.1 ± 1.4 | 6.2 ± 0.8 | 8.3 ± 0.9 | 8.8 ± 2.9 | 7.0 ± 2.2 | < 0.001 |
| Mean CRP (mg/dl) | 0.5 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.0 | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 |
| Body composition measures | |||||||
| Total lean mass (%) ** | 56.0 ± 1.5 | 57.1 ± 4.2 | 56.8 ± 1.8 | 55.3 ± 1.6 | 54.4 ± 4.0 | 54.0 ± 5.6 | < 0.001 |
| Appendicular lean mass (%) ** | 23.1 ± 0.8 | 23.5 ± 2.8 | 23.4 ± 1.2 | 22.8 ± 0.7 | 22.8 ± 2.8 | 22.4 ± 3.8 | < 0.001 |
| Trunk lean mass (%) ** | 28.9 ± 1.4 | 29.4 ± 3.7 | 29.3 ± 1.5 | 28.5 ± 1.5 | 27.9 ± 3.5 | 27.9 ± 4.5 | < 0.001 |
| Total fat mass (%)** | 41.7 ± 0.2 | 40.6 ± 0.6 | 40.9 ± 0.3 | 42.5 ± 0.2 | 43.4 ± 0.5 | 44.0 ± 0.7 | < 0.001 |
*
Mean values ± SE are shown unless indicated.
**
DEXA reported values (kg) were divided by body weight (kg) to give % body weight.
†
Any self-reported muscle strengthening exercises such as lifting weights, push-ups or sit-ups over the past 30 days.
*
Mean values ± SE are shown unless indicated.
**
DEXA reported values (kg) were divided by body weight (kg) to give % body weight.
†
Any self-reported muscle strengthening exercises such as lifting weights, push-ups or sit-ups over the past 30 days.