Table 1. Some conserved pathways and interventions of aging.
| Interventions | Yeast | Worms | Flies | Mice | Humans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Environmental | |||||
| Dietary Restriction | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ** |
| Lower Temperature | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ? |
| Low Oxygen | ? | ✓ | ✓ | ? | ? |
| Genetic | |||||
| Insulin/ILS | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ** |
| mTOR/Rapamycin | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ** |
| AMPK/Metformin | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ** |
| Sirtuins/NAD | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ** |
| SOD/Catalase | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ? |
**There is indirect evidence that each of these is associated with health span or longevity in humans. For specific examples, see references [8–49] and S1 Text. Abbreviations: AMPK, 5ʹ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; ILS, insulin-like signaling; mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin; NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; SOD, superoxide dismutase.