Table 3.

Multivariate logistic regression assessing the relationship between age at first arrest, cumulative lifetime drug-related arrests, and chronic pain, n=246.

	Chronic Pain
	OR (95% CI)
Recent illicit drug use (non-opiate)	3.11(1.03–9.39)*
Opiate use (past 30 days)	2.37(.89–1.05)+
Total drug-related arrests	.98(.92–1.04)
Covariates
Alcohol or drug treatment history	2.14(.88–5.22)+
Criminogenic cognitions	.13(.03–.50)**
Symptoms of mental health problems	1.47(1.02–2.14)*
Tobacco use	1.93(.55–6.73)
Age at first arrest	1.00(.95–1.05)
Demographic measures
White race	Ref
Black race	.73(.23–2.27)
Hispanic/Latino ethnicity	.57(.11–3.00)
Site (Baltimore)	1.24(.89–5.59)
Age	1.04(.99–1.08)+

⁺p<0.10

^*p<0.05

^**p<0.01

^***p<0.001