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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2015 Mar 14;26(5):613–624. doi: 10.1016/j.jvir.2015.01.017

Table 1. Overview of the most pertinent hormones relating to appetite and satiety.

Hormone Produced by Effect on appetite Mechanism of Action
Ghrelin

  • X/A cells – primarily in Gastric Fundus

  • Duodenum

  • Pituitary gland

 Simulates Appetite

  • Increases GI motility

  • Decreases insulin secretion

  • Acts on the hypothalamus (increases Neuropeptide-Y)
Glucagon Like Peptide-1
(GLP-1)

  • L-Cells – primarily within the Ileum and Colon

 Promotes Satiety

  • Slows gastric emptying

  • Promotes insulin secretion

  • Inhibits glucagon secretion

  • Inhibits gastric acid secretion

  • Acts on the CNS
Peptide YY
(PYY)

  • L-Cells/H-Cells – primarily within the Ileum and Colon

 Promotes Satiety

  • Slows gastric emptying

  • Inhibits gastric acid secretion

  • Acts on the CNS
Cholecystokinin
(CCK)

  • I-Cells – primarily in the proximal small bowel

 Promotes Satiety

  • Slows gastric emptying

  • Stimulates gallbladder contraction

  • Stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion

  • Stimulates Vagus nerve
Leptin *

  • Adipocytes-proportional to adipocyte mass

 Promotes Satiety

  • Acts on hypothalamus (decreases Neuropeptide-Y)

  • Decreases intake

  • Increases energy expenditure

GI = Gastrointestinal

CNS = Central Nervous system

*

Not produced in the GI tract