Table 2.

Independent associations between baseline demographic and cardiovascular risk factors and rate of change pulse wave velocity

	Log Time-varying PVW
	Beta	95%CI	p-value*
Age at visit (per year)	0.007	0.001, 0.012	0.03
Sex (female vs male)	−0.014	−0.040, 0.011	0.27
Race/Ethnicity (NHW vs other)	0.015	−0.024, 0.053	0.466
BMI z score (per 1 unit)	−0.009	−0.025, 0.006	0.2431
Mean arterial pressure (per mmHg)	0.005	0.003, 0.007	<0.0001
LDL cholesterol (per mg/dl)	0.000043	−0.001, 0.001	0.88
HDL cholesterol (per mg/dl)	−0.00011	−0.001, 0.001	0.84
Microalbuminuria (yes vs. no)	−0.011	−0.057, 0.035	0.64
Current smoker (vs. never smoker)	0.04443	0.013, 0.075	0.005
Former smoker (vs. never smoker)	0.01764	−0.012, 0.049	0.2358
Insulin sensitivity score	−0.00617	−0.014, −0.0013	0.11
Diabetes duration (year)	0.01476	0.012, 0.0176	<.0001
Insulin sensitivity score × Diabetes Duration	−0.001	−0.002, −0.00001	0.0326

Outcome pulse wave velocity was log transformed.

^*p-value from mixed linear model, with age, body mass index, mean arterial pressure, LDL-C, HDL-C and baseline insulin sensitivity included as continuous variables, and race/ethnicity, sex, elevated albumin to creatinine ratio and smoking as categorical variables. Duration was included as a measure of time between visits. Data represent a percent change in PWV over time per one unit change in baseline covariate levels.