Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study cohorts in the 365 days prior to the index hip fracture
| U.S. Medicare (2005–2008) | U.S. Commercial (2003–2012) | Korea (2007–2011) | Spain (2007–2012) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 4,704 | 6,700 | 57,631 | 17,167 |
| Follow-up (year) | 1.1 ± 0.8 | 1.8 ± 1.6 | 2.0 ± 1.1 | 2.3 ± 1.5 |
| Percentage or mean ± standard deviation | ||||
| Demographic | ||||
| Age | 82.1 ± 7.6 | 76.6 ± 4.2 | 78.5 ± 7.1 | 82.7 ± 6.8 |
| Female | 74.7 | 74.1 | 75.8 | 77.7 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Osteoporosis-related | ||||
| Osteoporosis | 30.5 | 27.5 | 31.2 | 19.8 |
| Prior fall | 9.1 | 9.2 | 0.2 | n/a |
| Prior fracture | 30.4 | 35.7 | 35.9 | 15.3 |
| Prior bone mineral density test | 9.3 | 6.9 | 15.8 | n/a |
| Other comorbidities | ||||
| Parkinson's disease | 5.8 | 5.5 | 5.0 | 6.2 |
| Dementia | 32.2 | 28.5 | 18.1 | 21.9 |
| Hypertension | 78.6 | 70.9 | 66.5 | 62.1 |
| Diabetes | 30.5 | 24.4 | 22.7 | 30.4 |
| Coronary artery disease | 36.5 | 29.0 | 16.8 | 9.8 |
| Stroke | 18.8 | 16.2 | 19.2 | 10.8 |
| Heart failure | 26.0 | 20.0 | 6.6 | 9.3 |
| Chronic lung disease | 14.8 | 13.0 | 26.6 | 11.4 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 12.7 | 9.3 | 2.9 | 4.7 |
| Inflammatory arthritis | 15.2 | 11.6 | 8.2 | 2.0 |
| Medication use | ||||
| Oral steroids | 10.8 | 11.7 | 27.7 | 8.3 |
| Anticonvulsants | 11.0 | 10.5 | 10.0 | 10.7 |
| Antipsychotics | 10.7 | 8.9 | 6.0 | 18.0 |
| Sedatives | 14.6 | 20.1 | 49.6 | 51.6 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs | 35.9 | 36.1 | 18.0 | 35.6 |
| Opioids | 30.1 | 32.8 | 2.9 | 20.6 |
| Proton pump inhibitors | 23.4 | 21.1 | 11.4 | 63.8 |
| SSRIs | 25.8 | 25.5 | 6.5 | 20.1 |
| Non-selective NSAIDs | 12.7 | 12.0 | 73.0 | 39.4 |
| Cyclooxygenase-2 | 3.7 | 6.7 | 9.0 | 8.8 |
| inhibitors | ||||
| Thyroid hormone | 17.6 | 18.5 | 1.4 | 5.4 |
| Beta-blockers | 28.9 | 28.6 | 21.1 | 14.3 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 25.2 | 24.5 | 44.8 | 24.2 |
| ACE inhibitors | 26.0 | 26.9 | 8.9 | 22.9 |
| ARBs | 12.9 | 14.2 | 27.6 | 34.6 |
| Diuretics | 40.5 | 39.8 | 36.2 | 33.7 |
| Health care utilization | ||||
| ED visits | 48.8 | 47.3 | 12.4 | 38.4 |
| Acute hospitalizations | 37.4 | 45.5 | 41.1 | 19.3 |
| No. of prescription drugs | 8.4 ± 7.1 | 8.7 ± 7.0 | 26.6 ± 18.3 | 9.4 ± 4.5 |
| No. of outpatient physician visits | 8.0 ± 7.4 | 7.8 ± 7.3 | 29.6 ± 33.2 | 12.1 ± 11.1 |
ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme, ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker, SSRI: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, NSAID: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ED: emergency department