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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2015 Jun;28(3):267–274. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000154

Figure 1. Activation of CRISPR-Cas systems in response to environmental changes.

Figure 1

CRISPR-Cas systems can be activated in response to the broader environmental stressors of nutrient starvation, stationary phase growth, and iron limitation. Likewise, CRISPR-Cas systems can be activated directly in response to envelope stressors, such as phage infection and high temperature. These examples highlight the influence of the extracellular environment on the regulation of CRISPR-Cas systems.