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Two months of diabetes in mice (D) increased retinal superoxide production compared with nondiabetic mice (N) through a GPCR/PLC/IP3/Ca2+/NADPH oxidase signaling cascade, and inhibition of any of these downstream steps reduced the excess superoxide generation by isolated retina. Dox (10 mg/kg BW), U73122 (6.25 mg/kg BW), APB (2-APB; 6.25 mg/kg BW), and Apo (36 mg/kg BW) were injected i.p. in DMSO daily for the 2 months of diabetes. n = 3–5 per group.
