Table 2.
Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase–Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Children: Epidemiology, Molecular Characterization, bla Genes
| Region/Country | Study | Study Years | Mode of Acquisition | Demographics: Clinical Unit, % Female | Source of Isolate | No. of ESBL-Producing Isolatesa | Dominant ESBL Genotype (% of Isolates) | Predominant ESBL Enzymeb (% of Isolates) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| North America | ||||||||
| United States | Qin et al (2008) [49] | 1999–2007 | CA, HA | All, NS | NS | 39 [36] | blaCMY (38.7), blaTEM (34.7) | NS |
| United States | Weissman et al (2013) [14] | 1999–2007 | CA, HA | All, 75 | NS | 22 [21] | blaCMY (38.8), blaCTX-M (34.7) | CMY-2 (38.8), CTX-M-15 (20.4) |
| United States | Chandramohan et al (2012) [50] | 2010–2011 | NS | All, NS | Urine, blood, wound, sputum | 94 | blaCTX-M (74.5), blaTEM (27.7) | CTX-M-15 (59.6), CTX-M-14 (12.8) |
| Europe | ||||||||
| Croatia | Bedenic et al (2012) [51] | 2002–2003 | NS | All, 66.6 | Urine | 77 | blaSHV (74), blaTEM (28.6) | SHV-5 (66.2), SHV-2 (3.9) |
| France | Morgand et al (2014) [52] | 2008–2012 | CA, HA | All, 65.5 | Urine, blood, CSF, sputum, peritoneal fluid | 57 | blaCTX-M (89.5), blaTEM (8.8) | CTX-M-15 (38.6), CTX-M-14 (24.6) |
| Hungary | Kristóf et al (2007) [53] | 2001–2005 | HA | NICU, 51.3 | Blood, urine, CSF, sputum | 39 | blaSHV (100) | SHV-5 (76.9), SHV-12 (23.1) |
| Poland | Wójkowska-Mach et al (2013) [54] | 2009 | HA | NICU, 46.9 | Sputum, blood, urine, peritoneal fluid, amniotic fluid | 47 | blaCTX-M (89.4), blaSHV (8.5) | CTX-M-3 (48.9), CTX-M-15 (27.6) |
| South/Central America | ||||||||
| Brazil | Pereira et al (2013) [55] | 2007–2010 | HA | All, 48.5 | Blood | 11 | blaCTX-M (63.6), blaSHV (45.4) | NS |
| Uruguay | García-Fulgueiras et al (2011) [56] | 2009 | CA, HA | All, NS | Urine, blood, feces, wound | 20 | blaCTX-M (65), blaSHV (35) | CTX-M-2 (35), SHV-5 (25) |
| Asia | ||||||||
| South Korea | Kim et al (2002) [47] | 1993–1998 | HA | All, 44.9 | Blood | 52 | blaTEM (57.7), blaSHV (46.2) | TEM-52 (46.2), SHV-2a (40.4) |
| Africa/Middle East | ||||||||
| Tanzania | Blomberg et al (2005) [28] | 2001–2002 | NS | All, NS | Blood | 19 | blaTEM (36.8), blaCTX-M (31.6) | TEM-63 (36.8), CTX-M-15 (31.6) |
| Tunisia | Réjiba et al (2011) [57] | 2006 | NS | All, NS | Urine, feces, sputum, pus, wound, peritoneal fluid | 32 | blaCTX-M (96.9), blaSHV (6.3) | CTX-M-15 (96.9), SHV-12 (6.3) |
Abbreviations: All, pediatric multiunit experience; CA, community acquired; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; ESBL, extended-spectrum β-lactamase; HA, hospital acquired; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; NS, not specified.
a Number of plasmid-AmpC cephalosporinase producing isolates in brackets, when applicable.
b Plasmid-based AmpC cephalosporinase-producing isolates included, when applicable.