Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants stratified by MAC (N = 6641)
| Characteristic | MAC (n = 619) | No MAC (n = 6022) | P-value* |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), years | 72 (7.7) | 61 (9.9) | <0.0001 |
| Male sex (%) | 248 (40) | 2882 (48) | 0.0002 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White (%) | 301 (49) | 2248 (37) | |
| Black (%) | 134 (22) | 1689 (28) | |
| Chinese-American (%) | 36 (5.8) | 758 (13) | |
| Hispanic (%) | 148 (24) | 1327 (22) | <0.0001 |
| Education | |||
| High school or less (%) | 285 (46) | 2132 (35) | |
| Some college (%) | 157 (25) | 1735 (29) | |
| College or more (%) | 177 (29) | 2155 (36) | <0.0001 |
| Annual income | |||
| < $20 000 (%) | 248 (40) | 1531 (25) | |
| $20 000 to $49 999 (%) | 216 (35) | 2109 (35) | |
| ≥$50 000 (%) | 155 (25) | 2382 (40) | <0.0001 |
| Body mass index, mean (SD) kg/m2 | 29 (5.7) | 28 (5.5) | 0.0010 |
| Current or former smoker (%) | 303 (49) | 2984 (50) | 0.78 |
| Diabetes (%) | 136 (22) | 793 (13) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 423 (68) | 2742 (46) | <0.0001 |
| Systolic Blood Pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | 135 (23) | 125 (21) | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dL | 194 (38) | 194 (35) | 0.47 |
| HDL cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dL | 52 (15) | 51 (15) | 0.082 |
| Antihypertensive medications (%) | 333 (54) | 2106 (35) | <0.0001 |
| Statins (%) | 145 (23) | 831 (14) | <0.0001 |
| Aspirin (%) | 204 (33) | 1,368 (23) | <0.0001 |
| Lipid-lowering medications (%) | 159 (26) | 904 (15) | <0.0001 |
| hs-CRP, mean (SD), mg/L | 3.9 (5.8) | 3.8 (5.9) | 0.017 |
| ECG-left ventricular hypertrophy (%) | 34 (5.5) | 222 (3.7) | 0.026 |
| ECG-left atrial enlargement (%) | 149 (24) | 846 (14) | <0.0001 |
ECG, electrocardiogram; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; MAC, mitral annular calcium; SD, standard deviation.
*Statistical significance for continuous data was tested using the Wilcoxon rank-sum procedure and categorical data were tested using the χ2 test.