Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics, Overall and by Treatment Status
| Characteristics | Total (n = 834) | Intervention (n = 434)a | Control (n = 400) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y, mean ± SD | 86.3 ± 8.1 | 86.5 ± 8.0 | 86.1 ± 8.3 | .73 |
| Female sex | 636 (76.3) | 329 (75.8) | 307 (76.7) | .83 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Hispanic | 9 (1.1) | 5 (1.2) | 4 (1.0) | .88 |
| White | 780 (93.5) | 413 (95.2) | 367 (91.7) | .52 |
| Coexisting conditions | ||||
| Dementia | 659 (79.0) | 341 (78.6) | 318 (79.5) | .81 |
| COPD | 144 (17.3) | 75 (17.3) | 69 (17.3) | .99 |
| Stroke | 192 (23.0) | 100 (23.0) | 92 (23.0) | .99 |
| Congestive heart failure | 184 (22.1) | 98 (22.6) | 86 (21.5) | .74 |
| Cancer | 161 (19.3) | 81 (18.7) | 80 (20.0) | .65 |
| Diabetes | 244 (29.3) | 118 (27.2) | 126 (31.5) | .20 |
| Liver disease | 13 (1.6) | 7 (1.6) | 6 (1.5) | .89 |
| Kidney disease | 174 (20.9) | 96 (22.1) | 78 (19.5) | .49 |
| Depression | 511 (61.3) | 275 (63.4) | 236 (59.0) | .37 |
| No. of comorbid conditions, mean ± SD | 3.7 ± 1.4 | 3.7 ± 1.4 | 3.7 ± 1.4 | .90 |
| Vaccination statusb | ||||
| Influenza vaccination | 699 (91.4) | 373 (91.2) | 326 (91.6) | .95 |
| Pneumococcal vaccination | 604 (88.3) | 326 (86.7) | 278 (90.3) | .34 |
| Functional and behavioral status | ||||
| Swallowing difficulty | 165 (19.8) | 79 (18.2) | 86 (21.5) | .40 |
| Presence of teeth | 539 (64.6) | 280 (64.5) | 259 (64.7) | .94 |
| No. of ADL disabilitiesc | ||||
| 1–3 | 184 (22.1) | 83 (19.1) | 101 (25.2) | .50 |
| 4–7 | 197 (23.6) | 101 (23.3) | 96 (24.0) | … |
| Resists care | 94 (11.3) | 34 (7.8) | 60 (15.0) | <.001 |
| Restraint use in the past 2 wk | 39 (4.7) | 21 (4.8) | 18 (4.5) | .89 |
| Cognitive and mental status | ||||
| Confusiond | 676 (84.7) | 344 (82.9) | 332 (86.7) | .44 |
| Delirium severityd | ||||
| Low | 193 (23.1) | 93 (21.4) | 100 (25.0) | .68 |
| High | 140 (16.8) | 70 (16.1) | 70 (17.5) | … |
Data are presented as No. (%) unless otherwise indicated.
Abbreviations: ADL, activities of daily living; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SD, standard deviation.
a P values for categorical variable by treatment group comparisons were estimated using Rao–Scott χ2 statistics, which account for stratification and the clustering of study participants in nursing homes. P values for continuous variable by treatment group comparisons were estimated with variance estimators using the Taylor series method to account for stratification and the clustering of study participants in nursing homes.
b There were 70 missing values for the influenza vaccination variable and 151 missing values for the pneumococcal vaccination variable.
c ADL disabilities was defined as total dependence in the number of 7 ADLs (ie, bed mobility, transfer, dressing, eating, toilet use, personal hygiene, and bathing). There were 453 participants without total dependence in any of the 7 ADLs.
d There were 36 missing values for the confusion variable. Delirium was defined by presence of 6 indicators of delirium (ie, easily distracted, periods of altered perception or awareness of surroundings, episodes of disorganized speech, periods of restlessness, periods of lethargy, and mental function varies over the course of the day). Low delirium severity was defined as 1–2 indicators present, and high severity was defined as 3–6 indicators present. Five hundred one participants had no indicators present at baseline.