Table 5.
Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for prostate cancer risk according to quartiles of dairy product and red meat intakes in the ATBC Study, 1985–2006.
| Quartiles of intake
|
p trend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||
| Total dairy | |||||
| All prostate cancer cases (no.) | 472 | 466 | 492 | 499 | |
| Multivariate1 RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.96 (0.82–1.13) | 1.01 (0.85–1.19) | 1.04 (0.85–1.28) | 0.59 |
| Advanced prostate cancer cases (no.) | 105 | 115 | 105 | 113 | |
| Multivariate1 RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.04 (0.75–1.45) | 0.91 (0.64–1.31) | 0.89 (0.58–1.37) | 0.47 |
| Butter | |||||
| All prostate cancer cases (no.) | 459 | 510 | 461 | 499 | |
| Multivariate1 RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.08 (0.95–1.23) | 0.97 (0.85–1.11) | 1.07 (0.93–1.23) | 0.61 |
| Advanced prostate cancer cases (no.) | 85 | 134 | 104 | 115 | |
| Multivariate1 RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.54 (1.17–2.02) | 1.21 (0.91–1.62) | 1.45 (1.07–1.96) | 0.05 |
| Cheese | |||||
| All prostate cancer cases (no.) | 436 | 473 | 484 | 536 | |
| Multivariate1 RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.04 (0.91, 1.19) | 1.03 (0.91, 1.18) | 1.09 (0.96, 1.24) | 0.22 |
| Advanced prostate cancer cases (no.) | 81 | 129 | 103 | 125 | |
| Multivariate1 RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.55 (1.17–2.04) | 1.19 (0.89–1.60) | 1.35 (1.01–1.81) | 0.35 |
| Cream | |||||
| All prostate cancer cases (no.) | 430 | 460 | 505 | 534 | |
| Multivariate1 RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.02 (0.89–1.16) | 1.09 (.0.96–1.24) | 1.13 (0.99–1.29) | 0.07 |
| Advanced prostate cancer cases (no.) | 97 | 96 | 115 | 130 | |
| Multivariate1 RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.97 (0.73–1.29) | 1.13 (0.86–1.49) | 1.28 (0.97–1.67) | 0.04 |
| Cultured milk products | |||||
| All prostate cancer cases (no.) | 472 | 433 | 498 | 526 | |
| Multivariate1 RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.89 (0.78–1.02) | 1.03 (0.90–1.16) | 1.06 (0.93–1.20) | 0.07 |
| Advanced prostate cancer cases (no.) | 92 | 89 | 133 | 124 | |
| Multivariate1 RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.90 (0.67–1.21) | 1.34 (1.02–1.75) | 1.21 (0.92–1.60) | 0.15 |
| Ice cream | |||||
| All prostate cancer cases (no.) | 492 | 459 | 502 | 476 | |
| Multivariate1 RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.92 (0.81–1.04) | 0.96 (0.85–1.09) | 0.89 (0.78–1.01) | 0.15 |
| Advanced prostate cancer cases (no.) | 109 | 115 | 102 | 112 | |
| Multivariate1 RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.98 (0.75–1.27) | 0.87 (0.66–1.14) | 0.92 (0.70–1.21) | 0.6 |
| Lowfat milk | |||||
| All prostate cancer cases (no.) | 470 | 449 | 510 | 500 | |
| Multivariate1 RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.92 (0.81–1.05) | 1.03 (0.90–1.17) | 0.99 (0.86–1.14) | 0.73 |
| Advanced prostate cancer cases (no.) | 119 | 92 | 124 | 103 | |
| Multivariate1 RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.73 (0.55–0.96) | 0.93 (0.71–1.20) | 0.74 (0.56–0.99) | 0.15 |
| Sour milk products | |||||
| All prostate cancer cases (no.) | 503 | 464 | 496 | 466 | |
| Multivariate1 RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.92 (0.81–1.05) | 0.96 (0.85–1.09) | 0.92 (0.81–1.04) | 0.42 |
| Advanced prostate cancer cases (no.) | 98 | 117 | 96 | 127 | |
| Multivariate1 RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.13 (0.86–1.47) | 0.94 (0.71–1.25) | 1.23 (0.94–1.62) | 0.16 |
| Whole milk | |||||
| All prostate cancer cases (no.) | 505 | 483 | 469 | 472 | |
| Multivariate1 RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.97 (0.86–1.10) | 0.97 (0.86–1.10) | 0.98 (0.86–1.12) | 0.93 |
| Advanced prostate cancer cases (no.) | 98 | 130 | 119 | 91 | |
| Multivariate1 RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.33 (1.03–1.73) | 1.26 (0.96–1.65) | 0.95 (0.70–1.29) | 0.15 |
| Yogurt | |||||
| All prostate cancer cases (no.) | 485 | 474 | 466 | 504 | |
| Multivariate1 RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.99 (0.87, 1.12) | 0.99 (0.87, 1.12) | 1.05 (0.92–1.19) | 0.31 |
| Advanced prostate cancer cases (no.) | 109 | 100 | 120 | 109 | |
| Multivariate1 RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.93 (0.71–1.22) | 1.12 (0.87–1.45) | 1.01 (0.77–1.32) | 0.94 |
| Dairy fat | |||||
| All prostate cancer cases (no.) | 475 | 480 | 467 | 507 | |
| Multivariate1 RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.99 (0.87–1.13) | 0.95 (0.84–1.08) | 1.03 (0.91–1.18) | 0.78 |
| Advanced prostate cancer cases (no.) | 88 | 131 | 102 | 117 | |
| Multivariate1 RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.46 (1.11–1.91) | 1.12 (0.84–1.50) | 1.25 (0.93–1.66) | 0.38 |
| Calcium | |||||
| All prostate cancer cases (no.) | 345 | 942 | 517 | 125 | |
| Multivariate 2 RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.06 (0.94–1.20) | 1.12 (0.97–1.28) | 1.32 (1.08–1.63) | 0.009 |
| Advanced prostate cancer cases (no.) | 75 | 212 | 117 | 34 | |
| Multivariate 2 RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.12 (0.86–1.46) | 1.16 (0.87–1.56) | 1.62 (1.08–2.43) | 0.04 |
| Red meat | |||||
| All prostate cancer cases (no.) | 511 | 474 | 483 | 461 | |
| Multivariate 2 RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.90 (0.80–1.02) | 0.92 (0.82–1.05) | 0.89 (0.78–1.01) | 0.11 |
| Advanced prostate cancer cases (no.) | 129 | 97 | 111 | 101 | |
| Multivariate 2 RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.74 (0.57–0.97) | 0.86 (0.67–1.11) | 0.80 (0.62–1.05) | 0.23 |
| Beef | |||||
| All prostate cancer cases (no.) | 473 | 488 | 489 | 479 | |
| Multivariate 2 RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.99 (0.88–1.13) | 0.99 (0.87–1.12) | 0.97 (0.85–1.10) | 0.62 |
| Advanced prostate cancer cases (no.) | 115 | 103 | 115 | 105 | |
| Multivariate 2 RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.87 (0.67–1.14) | 0.97 (0.75–1.26) | 0.89 (0.68–1.16) | 0.54 |
| Sausages | |||||
| All prostate cancer cases (no.) | 484 | 515 | 463 | 467 | |
| Multivariate 2 RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.09 (0.960.123) | 1.01 (0.89–1.15) | 1.08 (0.95–1.23) | 0.42 |
| Advanced prostate cancer cases (no.) | 114 | 123 | 103 | 98 | |
| Multivariate 2 RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.12 (0.87–1.45) | 0.99 (0.75–1.29) | 1.02 (0.78–1.35) | 0.88 |
| Total fish | |||||
| All prostate cancer cases (no.) | 509 | 510 | 452 | 458 | |
| Multivariate 2 RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.99 (0.88–1.12) | 0.87 (0.76–0.98) | 0.90 (0.79–1.02) | 0.04 |
| Advanced prostate cancer cases (no.) | 99 | 115 | 115 | 109 | |
| Multivariate 2 RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.12 (0.86–1.47) | 1.08 (0.82–1.41) | 1.02 (0.78–1.35) | 0.93 |
1
Adjusted for age, energy intake, smoking dose and duration, trial intervention assignment, education level, and dietary fat and calcium intakes
2
Adjusted for age, energy intake, smoking dose and duration, trial intervention assignment, education level, and dietary fat intake