Table 2.
Effect of gender on long-term mortality (five or more years) after myocardial infarction
| Unadjusted
|
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rate (%) | Age-Adjusted | Adjusted for Age and Other Covariates | ||||||||
|
|
||||||||||
| Study, Year | Sample Size | Follow-Up* | Women | Men | RR | P or 95% CI | RR | P or 95% CI | RR | P or 95% CI |
| Alter, 2002* | 25,697 | 5 years | -- | -- | Age-specific | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Capewell, 2000* | 117,718 | 5 years | 58.6 | 45.6 | 1.29 | 1.27–1.30 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| 10 years | 70.8 | 59.0 | 1.20 | 1.19–1.21 | -- | -- | -- | -- | ||
| Chang, 2003† | 22,967 | 5 years | 38.8 | 26.8 | 1.45 | 1.39–1.51 | -- | -- | 0.99 | 0.93–1.05 |
| Fukui, 1987§ | 651 | 5 years | 27.7 | 23.2 | 1.21 | 0.89–1.64 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Howland, 1980* | 224 | 5 years | 54.0 | 40.0 | 1.35 | 1.00–1.82 | 1.03 | 0.67–1.60 | -- | -- |
| Kambara, 1995* | 1,000 | 5 years | 12.4 | 6.6 | 1.88 | 1.18–2.98 | 1.60 | 0.89–2.86 | -- | NS |
| Kishpaugh, 1981 | 2,020* | 5 years | 56.5 | 43.8 | 1.29 | 1.17–1.42 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| 1,495§ | 5 years | 45.3 | 36.0 | 1.26 | 1.09–1.44 | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
| 1,371# | 5 years | 50.5 | 39.0 | 1.29 | 1.13–1.48 | 1.07 | 0.81–1.41 | -- | -- | |
| Koek, 2006* | 21,565 | 5 years | 46.2 | 33.7 | 1.52 | 1.46–1.59 | 0.94 | 0.90–0.99 | 0.93 | 0.89–0.97 |
| Lowel, 2000 | 2,210* | 5 years | 34.2 | 24.6 | 1.39 | 1.20–1.60 | 1.15 | 0.93–1.43 | -- | -- |
| 2,024§ | 5 years | 25.9 | 18.5 | 1.40 | 1.17–1.68 | 1.12 | 0.87–1.43 | -- | -- | |
| Machon, 2010 | 1,677* | 5 years | 35.0 | 23.5 | 1.49 | 1.27–1.75 | 1.00 | 0.77–1.30 | -- | -- |
| 1,448§ | 5 years | 19.8 | 13.3 | 1.49 | 1.15–1.92 | 1.05 | 0.75–1.45 | -- | -- | |
| Perers, 2007§ | 546 | 5 years | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | NS | -- | -- |
| Singer, 1995–96 | 1,608* | 5 years | 61.4 | 50.1 | 1.23 | 1.12–1.34 | 0.99 | 0.79–1.25 | -- | -- |
| 1,608* | 15 years | 74.5 | 62.9 | 1.18 | 1.11–1.27 | 1.00 | 0.78–1.29 | -- | -- | |
| 1,014§ | 5 years | 32.0 | 25.3 | 1.26 | 1.03–1.54 | 0.93 | 0.68–1.27 | -- | -- | |
| 1,014§ | 15 years | 55.0 | 44.5 | 1.24 | 1.09–1.40 | 0.95 | 0.71–1.27 | -- | -- | |
| Hosmane, 2009* | 98 | 5.5 years | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 5.88 | 1.15–30.12 |
| Schreiner, 2001§ | 4,900 | 5.9 years | 17.1 | 21.7 | 0.79 | 0.69–0.90 | 0.65 | 0.55–0.75 | -- | -- |
| Anabitarte, 2009† | 978 | 3.2 years‡‡ | -- | -- | 1.5 | 0.8–2.7 | -- | -- | -- | NS |
| Hellermann, 2005** | 791 | 6.6 years‡‡ | -- | -- | 1.04 | 0.88–1.22 | 0.76 | p<0.05 | 0.72 | 0.61–0.87 |
| Setoguchi, 2008* | 1,625 | 2.2 years‡‡ | 73.6 | 79.5 | 0.82 | 0.72–0.93 | -- | -- | 0.71 | 0.62–0.83 |
| Bufe, 2010 | 500* | 5.6 years‡‡ | 17.7 | 12.8 | 1.39 | 0.88–2.21 | -- | -- | 0.77 | 0.40–1.48 |
| 450§ | 5.6 years‡‡ | 9.7 | 6.9 | 1.43 | 0.72–2.83 | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
| Karp, 2007† | 38,543 | 7 years | 18.2 | 13.8 | 1.31 | 1.26–1.38 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Reynolds, 2012†† | 2,201 | 7 years | 18.2 | 14.5 | 1.50 | 1.08–2.08 | 1.10 | 0.78–1.54 | 1.06 | 0.75–1.50 |
| Abdulla, 2001§ | 6,676 | 8 years | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | NS |
| Grundtvig, 2012 | 2,281* | 7 years | 61.3 | 47.1 | 1.30 | 1.21–1.41 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| 2,013† | 7 years | 54.7 | 41.0 | 1.46 | 1.31–1.64 | -- | -- | 0.82 | 0.70–0.96 | |
| Iribarren, 2005* | 30,324 | 3.5 years‡‡ | 23.9 | 19.1 | 1.25 | 1.20–1.31 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Van Jaarsveld, 2006 | 198* | 8 years | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.53 | 0.32–0.91 |
| 141§ | 8 years | -- | -- | 0.61 | 0.27–1.25 | 0.31 | 0.13–0.78 | |||
| Martin, 1983† | 666 | 9 years | -- | -- | 0.91 | NS | -- | -- | 0.73 | 0.54–0.98 |
| Galatius-Jensen, 1996‡ | 2,386 | 10 years | 60.9 | 58.7 | 1.04 | 0.97–1.12 | 0.90 | 0.80–1.01 | -- | -- |
| He, 1994§ | 745 | 10 years | 51.1 | 35.9 | 1.55 | 1.17–2.05 | 1.17 | 0.88–1.56 | 1.15 | 0.86–1.54 |
| Langorgen, 2009* | 9,407 | 10 years | 74.6 | 64.0 | 1.17 | 1.13–1.20 | 1.17 | 1.05–1.29 | -- | -- |
| Murabito, 1993* | 385 | 10 years | 69.2 | 52.8 | 1.82 | 1.37–2.38 | 1.20 | 0.90–1.61 | 1.33 | 0.93–1.89 |
| Welin, 2000|| | 275 | 10 years | 35.6 | 22.2 | 1.88 | 1.07–3.30 | -- | -- | 1.85 | 0.99–3.47 |
| Johansson, 1983† | 1,521 | 5 years | 20.0 | 19.0 | 1.07 | 0.81–1.38 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Marragut, 1993 | 1,216* | 5 years‡‡ | 48.7 | 28.3 | 1.72 | 1.44–2.05 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| 1,061§ | 5 years‡‡ | 35.7 | 19.2 | 1.86 | 1.45–2.39 | -- | -- | 1.27 | 0.90–1.78 | |
| Nicolau, 2004 | 686* | 5.1 years‡‡ | 45.6 | 40.4 | 1.13 | 0.91–1.40 | -- | -- | -- | NS |
| 618‡ | 5.6 years‡‡ | 35.2 | 34.9 | 1.01 | 0.76–1.33 | -- | -- | -- | NS | |
| Benderly, 1997† | 4,808 | 12 years | 65.3 | 51.8 | 1.26 | 1.19–1.33 | 1.12 | 1.02–1.22 | 1.20 | 1.08–1.33 |
| Lawesson, 2012* | 54,146 | 4.6 years‡‡ | 45.5 | 32.3 | 1.59 | 1.55–1.64 | 0.98 | 0.95–1.01 | 0.92 | 0.89–0.96 |
| Chan, 1989† | 75 | 14 years | -- | -- | -- | NS | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Goldberg, 1993† | 3,148 | 14 years | -- | -- | >1.0 | p<0.05 | 0.91 | 0.79–1.05 | 0.83 | 0.72–0.97 |
| Nauta, 2012* | 14,434 | 20 years | 71.0 | 65.0 | 1.10 | 1.00–1.20 | -- | -- | 0.77 | 0.66–0.90 |
| Isaksson, 2011* | 7,466 | 7.1 years‡‡ | 35.7 | 36.3 | 0.98 | 0.91–1.06 | 1.02 | 0.93–1.11 | -- | -- |
*
Long-term mortality calculated from admission
†
Long-term mortality calculated from discharge
‡
Long-term mortality calculated for 15-day survivors
§
Long-term mortality calculated for 30-day survivors
||
Long-term mortality calculated for 3-month survivors
#
Long-term mortality calculated for 4-month survivors
**
Long-term mortality calculated from onset of heart failure.
††
Long-term mortality calculated from randomization (median 8 days after MI).
‡‡
Mean/median length of follow-up when subjects were recruited and followed for varying lengths of time.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; RR, risk ratio.