Table 3.
Hazards ratios (95% CI) as computed with Cox proportional hazards models for hypertension incidence over the follow-up period by depression, sleep duration, and insomnia at baseline
| Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | Model 4d | Model 5e | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ages 32–86 | |||||
| Depression | 1.61 (1.34–1.94) | 1.41 (1.16–1.71) | 1.37 (1.13–1.67) | 1.32 (1.08–1.62) | 1.31 (1.07–1.60) |
| Sleep duration | |||||
| ≤5 h | 1.34 (1.04–1.73) | 1.25 (0.96–1.63) | |||
| 6 h | 1.02 (0.84–1.24) | 0.99 (0.81–1.21) | |||
| 7–8 h | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| ≥9 h | 1.15 (0.87–1.53) | 1.17 (0.88–1.56) | |||
| Insomnia | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | 1.03 (1.00–1.07) | |||
| Ages 32–59 | |||||
| Depression | 1.65 (1.33–2.05) | 1.44 (1.15–1.80) | 1.39 (1.10–1.74) | 1.28 (1.01–1.62) | 1.27 (1.00–1.61) |
| Sleep duration | |||||
| ≤5 h | 1.66 (1.25–2.22) | 1.50 (1.11–2.02) | |||
| 6 h | 1.07 (0.86–1.34) | 1.03 (0.82–1.30) | |||
| 7–8 h | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| ≥9 h | 0.97 (0.64–1.47) | 0.99 (0.65–1.50) | |||
| Insomnia | 1.07 (1.03–1.11) | 1.05 (1.01–1.09) | |||
| Ages 60–86 | |||||
| Depression | 1.45 (1.02–2.07) | 1.29 (0.89–1.87) | 1.32 (0.91–1.93) | 1.34 (0.92–1.97) | 1.33 (0.91–1.96) |
| Sleep duration | |||||
| ≤5 h | 0.80 (0.46–1.38) | 0.81 (0.46–1.44) | |||
| 6 h | 0.83 (0.54–1.29) | 0.84 (0.54–1.31) | |||
| 7–8 h | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| ≥ 9 h | 1.29 (0.85–1.94) | 1.28 (0.85–1.94) | |||
| Insomnia | 0.98 (0.92–1.03) | 0.99 (0.93–1.06) |
CI, confidence interval.
a
Model 1, unadjusted.
b
Model 2, adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, body weight, diabetes, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, physical activity, and pulse rate.
c
Model 3, adjusted for variables in Model 2 plus sleep duration.
d
Model 4, adjusted for variables in Model 2 plus insomnia.
e
Model 5, adjusted for variables in Model 2 plus sleep duration and insomnia.