Table 3.

Parameter estimates of the pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic models

Parameter	Analysis of COWA as continuous data		Poisson distribution for discrete data
	Estimate	RSE (%)†	Estimate	RSE (%)†
BL (words per three trials)	42.5	3.48	42.4	3.51
KE (l mg−1)	0.157	6.97	0.163	16.7
θN_COWA ≥ 4	1.12	2.38	1.13	2.35
%CV for IIV of BL‡	17 [9]	26.2	17.6 [6]	25.7
(words per three trials)	7.1 [8]	15.4
AIC	829		1124

Abbreviations are as follows: AIC, Akaike information criterion; BL, baseline score of COWA; COWA, Controlled Oral Word Association; K_E, the exponential decline constant for the effect of topiramate concentration; θ^N_COWA ≥ 4, estimate of the fractional increase in BL when four or more tests of COWA are given; estimates of percentage shrinkage are indicated in the square brackets [% shrinkage]; , variance of the residual error. †RSE, relative standard error = (standard error ÷ estimate) × 100; %RSE for random effects calculated in the variance scale. ‡IIV, interindividual variability; CV, coefficient of variation; .