FIGURE 1.

The proposed model for disturbances in catecholamines homeostasis. Based on our experimental results,68 we propose the model for disturbances in catecholamine homeostasis in the arterial wall from resilient rats and rats with depression-like symptoms (anhedonic) after CMS exposure. The chronic stress exposure suppressed corticosterone-sensitive extraneuronal monoamine uptake (OCT) in the arterial wall. Rats with depression-like symptoms upregulate neuronal noradrenaline transporter (NET) which compensates for increased sympathetic activity and reduced extraneuronal uptake. Inhibition of NET with antidepressants such as TCAs and serotonin–noradrenaline transporter inhibitors may lead to a dysbalance in released and recovered noradrenaline and vasoconstriction.