Table 3.

Unadjusted diabetes-related health care costs during follow-up by adherence and persistence

	Adherence group			Persistence group
	Adherent	Non-adherent	p value	Persistent	Non-persistent	p value
Total, N	454	867		795	526
Medical costs
Mean (SD)	$2743 ($8065)	$4149 ($13,383)	0.018a	$3103 ($10,124)	$4516 ($14,017)	0.047a
Median	$683	$687		$682	$699
Inpatient costs
Mean (SD)	$1134 ($7157)	$1805 ($9410)	0.148	$1402 ($9198)	$1835 ($7903)	0.363
Median	$0	$0		$0	$0
Ambulatory costs
Mean (SD)	$1377 ($3140)	$1917 ($5164)	0.019a	$1470 ($3643)	$2127 ($5685)	0.019a
Median	$535	$539		$526	$550
Emergency room costs
Mean (SD)	$50 ($238)	$106 ($367)	<0.001b	$59 ($268)	$129 ($401)	<0.001b
Median	$0	$0		$0	$0
Other medical costs
Mean (SD)	$182 ($487)	$320 ($4118)	0.330	$172 ($457)	$426 ($5276)	0.272
Median	$89	$81		$86	$80
Pharmacy costs
Mean (SD)	$6338 ($2639)	$3568 ($2439)	<0.001b	$5571 ($2658)	$2931 ($2298)	<0.001b
Median	$5606	$3074		$5039	$2341
Total costs
Mean (SD)	$9081 ($8685)	$7717 ($13,679)	0.028a	$8675 ($10,611)	$7447 ($14,270)	0.092
Median	$6797	$4647		$6180	$3864

SD standard deviation

^a p value <0.05

^b p value <0.01