Table 5.
Age–adjusted prevalence (%) and 95% confidence intervals of cardiovascular risk factors in low, mid and high social development index cities
| Variable | Men | Women | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Low SDI (n = 1210) |
Mid SDI (n = 1382) |
High SDI (n = 834) |
Low SDI (n = 615) |
Mid SDI (n = 1252) |
High SDI (n = 905) |
|
| Physical activity (≥moderate) |
37.6 (34.9–40.3) |
39.3 (36.7–41.9) |
39.8 (36.5–43.1) |
37.9 (34.1–41.7) |
44.7 (41.9–47.4) |
53.7 (50.4) |
| Low SDI vs others† |
– |
0.84, 0.358 |
1.00, 0.314 |
– |
7.90, 0.005 |
36.7, <0.001 |
| Visible fat intake ≥20 g/d |
62.1 (59.4–64.8) |
51.7 (49.1–54.3) |
38.6 (35.3–41.9) |
62.4 (58.6–66.2) |
49.5 (46.7–52.3) |
37.3 (34.1–40.4) |
| Low SDI vs others† |
– |
28.7, <0.001 |
109.7, <0.001 |
– |
27.6, <0.001 |
92.4, <0.001 |
| Fruit intake ≤2 servings/d |
27.2 (24.7–29.7) |
25.7 (23.4–28.0) |
21.9 (19.1–24.7) |
31.2 (27.5–34.8) |
26.2 (23.7–28.6) |
31.1 (28.1–34.1) |
| Low SDI vs others† |
– |
0.68, 0.410 |
7.22, 0.007 |
– |
5.21, 0.023 |
0.01, 0.998 |
| Smoking |
17.6 (15.4–19.7) |
17.4 (15.4–19.4) |
15.7 (13.2–18.2) |
0.8 (0.1–1.5) |
2.1 (1.3–2.9) |
1.0 (0.35–1.65) |
| Low SDI vs others† |
– |
0.012, 0.999 |
1.27, 0.262 |
– |
4.42, 0.035 |
0.13, 0.716 |
| Other tobacco use |
14.6 (12.6–16.6) |
16.2 (14.2–18.1) |
4.0 (2.7–5.3) |
5.0 (3.3–6.7) |
10.7 (9.0–12.4) |
0.8 (0.22–1.38) |
| Low SDI vs others† |
– |
1.22, 0.267 |
59.4, <0.001 |
– |
16.4, <0.001 |
21.6, <0.001 |
| Overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) |
33.9 (31.2–3.66) |
47.2 (44.6–49.8) |
41.3 (37.9–44.6) |
34.3 (30.5–38.0) |
44.0 (41.2–46.7) |
54.1 (50.8–57.3) |
| Low SDI vs others† |
– |
47.6, <0.001 |
11.9, <0.001 |
– |
16.7, <0.001 |
57.9, <0.001 |
| High waist circumference (men/women >90/>80 cm) |
31.5 (28.9–34.1) |
40.7 (38.1–43.3) |
33.6 (30.4–36.8) |
57.4 (53.5–61.3) |
57.0 (54.2–59.7) |
58.3 (55.1–61.5) |
| Low SDI vs others† |
– |
23.8, <0.001 |
0.98, 0.321 |
– |
0.02, 0.879 |
0.13, 0.714 |
| High waist–hip ratio (men/women >0.9/>0.8) |
75.2 (72.8–77.6) |
60.2 (57.6–62.8) |
74.7 (71.7–77.6) |
82.1 (79.1–85.1) |
80.4 (78.2–82.6) |
89.7 (87.7–91.7) |
| Low SDI vs others† |
– |
65.3, <0.001 |
0.07, 0.795 |
– |
0.76, 0.384 |
18.3, <0.001 |
| Hypertension |
27.3 (24.8–29.8) |
35.9 (33.4–38.4) |
34.4 (31.2–37.6) |
28.4 (24.8–31.9) |
30.1 (27.5–32.6) |
32.0 (28.9–35.0) |
| Low SDI vs others† |
– |
21.6, <0.001 |
11.6, 0.001 |
– |
0.54, 0.461 |
2.3, 0.124 |
| High cholesterol (≥5.2 mmol/L) |
20.0 (17.7–22.2) |
26.9 (24.5–29.2) |
28.6 (25.5–31.7) |
23.4 (20.0–26.7) |
26.8 (24.3–29.2) |
24.3 (21.5–27.1) |
| Low SDI vs others† |
– |
16.5, <0.001 |
17.5, <0.001 |
– |
2.51, 0.111 |
0.25, 0.617 |
| High triglycerides (≥1.7 mmol/L) |
42.7 (39.9–45.5) |
39.2 (36.6–41.8) |
42.2 (38.8–45.5) |
31.2 (27.5–34.8) |
30.8 (28.2–33.6) |
32.8 (29.7–35.8) |
| Low SDI vs others*† |
– |
3.29, 0.070 |
0.05, 0.815 |
– |
0.03, 0.864 |
0.43, 0.512 |
| Low HDL cholesterol (men/women <1.0/<1.3 mmol/L) |
41.6 (38.8–44.4) |
25.2 (22.9–27.5) |
37.9 (34.6–41.2) |
57.0 (53.1–60.9) |
44.8 (42.0–47.5) |
61.5 (58.3–64.7) |
| Low SDI vs others† |
– |
79.3, <0.001 |
2.91, 0.088 |
– |
24.8, <0.001 |
3.05, 0.081 |
| Diabetes |
13.8 (11.8–15.7) |
14.1 (12.3–15.9) |
25.3 (22.3–28.2) |
10.9 (8.4–13.3) |
11.0 (9.3–12.7) |
21.5 (18.8–24.2) |
| Low SDI vs others† |
– |
0.05, 0.821 |
43.3, <0.001 |
– |
0.01, 1.00 |
29.1, <0.001 |
| Metabolic syndrome (Harmonized Asian definition) |
29.6 (27.0–32.2) |
29.6 (27.2–32.0) |
40.2 (36.8–43.5) |
13.8 (32.6–40.3) |
36.0 (33.3–38.7) |
47.9 (44.6–51.1) |
| Low SDI vs others† | – | 0.00, 1.00 | 25.2, <0.001 | – | 229.5, <0.001 | 343.4, <0.001 |
SDI – social development index, BMI – body mass index, LDL – low density lipoprotein, HDL – high density lipoprotein
*Prevalence in percent and 95% confidence intervals in parentheses.
†χ2–test statistic and p value.