Fig. 5.

Sodium conductance implemented by dynamic clamp using Hodgkin-Huxley and Markov models. A: Hodgkin-Huxley sodium conductance. A 20-nS AMPA conductance was applied with (red trace) and without (black trace) a sodium conductance of 1,000 nS. The model cell also had a leak conductance as in Fig. 3. B: responses of the model cell to current pulses of different amplitudes with the Hodgkin-Huxley sodium conductance (red traces) or using an 8-state Markov model derived from the Hodgkin-Huxley equations (blue traces). These dynamic-clamp responses match closely with a pure computer model (black traces).